Pharmacology and Imaging Techniques Week 1-2
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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with pneumonia?

  • Productive cough
  • Dyspnea
  • Expiratory grunting (correct)
  • Sudden onset fever

What is the primary purpose of glucocorticoids administered to a mother before delivery in cases of respiratory distress syndrome?

  • Enhance gas exchange in the newborn's lungs
  • Reduce inflammation in the bronchi
  • Stimulate fetal heart rate
  • Increase surfactant production (correct)

Which of the following is a treatment option for cystic fibrosis?

  • Glucocorticoids
  • Exogenous surfactants
  • Chest physiotherapy (correct)
  • Intratracheal surfactant

What complication can arise due to increased mucus viscosity in cystic fibrosis?

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should NOT be taken when managing a chest drainage system?

<p>Milk the tubing if necessary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of pulmonary hypertension in newborns?

<p>Cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of pleural effusion fluid?

<p>Straw colored (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a need to notify a healthcare provider regarding a chest tube?

<p>Drainage exceeding 100 ml/hr (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is most commonly associated with pneumonia?

<p>Mycoplasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insufficient surfactant in the lungs?

<p>Alveoli collapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

<p>Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and recur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an inability to fulfill gas exchange with abnormal O2 and CO2 levels?

<p>Respiratory failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of aminoglycosides in bacterial treatment?

<p>Inhibit protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sulfonamides function in bacterial infections?

<p>They stop the metabolism of bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fungal infections during the hyphal phase?

<p>They lead to acute inflammatory responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the TNM staging system for cancer refer to?

<p>Tumor size, Node involvement, Metastasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about penicillins is correct?

<p>They are bactericidal and disrupt cell wall synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for chronic bronchitis under COPD management?

<p>Smoking cessation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be avoided when administering tetracyclines?

<p>Dairy products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carcinoma is primarily associated with epithelial tissue?

<p>Carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does hypercapnia have on the body's functions?

<p>Leads to respiratory acidosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common complication of chemotherapeutic agents?

<p>They have a narrow therapeutic index. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do proto-oncogenes play in cancer development?

<p>They can be mutated to affect protein function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sodium in the body?

<p>Maintaining ECF volume and concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with IgE mediated responses?

<p>Type 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a thrombus from an embolus?

<p>A thrombus is a blood-clot, while an embolus is a particulate matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily triggers pain sensation in the body?

<p>Prostaglandins and histamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a decrease in blood volume?

<p>Hypovolemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aldosterone in the body?

<p>Increase sodium and potassium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is best for visualizing soft tissue versus liquid differentiation?

<p>Ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common result of hypocalcemia?

<p>Increased thirst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of IV fluid causes water to move from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid?

<p>Hypotonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs does NOT typically result in an immune response?

<p>Glucocorticoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of chronic inflammation?

<p>Activation of macrophages and lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about pharmacogenomics?

<p>Individualizes drug therapy based on genetic makeup (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about phagocytosis is correct?

<p>Macrophages continue to engulf pathogens after neutrophils are gone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance might lead to ventricular fibrillation?

<p>Hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

S. pneumoniae

A type of bacteria that can cause infections like pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis.

V. streptococci (viridans streptococci)

A type of bacteria commonly found in the mouth, responsible for dental cavities.

Group A strep

A group of bacteria that can cause various skin infections, including impetigo, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis.

Opportunistic fungal infection

A bacterial infection that occurs when the fungus is in its hyphal phase, causing an inflammatory response.

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Sulfonamides

A type of antibiotic that inhibits folic acid synthesis, hindering bacterial growth.

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Penicillins

A type of antibiotic that enters the bacterial cell wall and interferes with its construction.

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Cephalosporins

A class of antibiotics similar to penicillins, synthesized in a lab, and effective against various bacterial infections.

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Macrolides

A type of antibiotic that interrupts protein synthesis in bacteria, hindering their growth.

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Carbapenems

A class of antibiotics with broad-spectrum activity, effective against a wide range of bacteria.

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Monobactams

A synthetic, narrow-spectrum antibiotic that targets Gram-negative aerobic bacteria.

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Tetracyclines

A class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, available in synthetic and natural forms.

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Aminoglycosides

A class of antibiotics that disrupt protein synthesis in bacteria, leading to their death.

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Fluoroquinolones

A class of antibiotics that interfere with bacterial DNA replication, inhibiting their growth.

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Metastasis

The process of a cancer spreading from its original location to a new site in the body.

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Carcinoma

A type of cancer that originates from epithelial tissue, which forms the lining of organs and cavities.

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Pharmaceutics

The study of how a drug's form influences its effects and how it's absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated.

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Pharmacodynamics

The study of how a drug interacts with the body to cause a specific effect. It focuses on the mechanism of action and drug-receptor interactions.

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Pharmacokinetics

The study of how the body affects a drug. It examines the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs.

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Thrombus

A blood clot formed within a blood vessel.

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Embolus

A particle that travels through the bloodstream and can lodge in a blood vessel.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs naturally as part of normal development or in response to certain stimuli. It is a controlled process that does not trigger inflammation.

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Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign particles.

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Chemotaxis

The process of a cell moving towards a chemical signal, often towards the site of injury or infection.

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Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A type of immune response characterized by the binding of IgE antibodies to antigens, leading to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

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Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A type of immune response characterized by antibodies (IgG and IgM) binding to antigens on cells, leading to cell destruction.

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Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A type of immune response characterized by the formation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that activate complement and cause tissue damage.

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Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A type of immune response characterized by T cell activation and cytokine release, leading to delayed inflammation.

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Hematopoietic drugs

Drugs that use recombinant DNA technology to stimulate the production of blood cells, thereby reducing chemotherapy-induced anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia.

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Erythropoietic drugs

Drugs that stimulate the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in patients with renal failure, anemia, or other conditions where RBC production is low.

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Colony-stimulating factors

Drugs that stimulate the production of white blood cells (WBCs), particularly granulocytes like neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.

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Pneumonia

An acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

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Respiratory distress syndrome

A condition characterized by insufficient surfactant in the alveoli, leading to lung collapse and respiratory distress.

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Cystic fibrosis

A life-threatening genetic disorder primarily affecting the lungs, pancreas, and digestive system due to thick, sticky mucus build-up.

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Chest drainage

A procedure involving inserting a tube into the pleural space to drain fluid or air, restoring normal lung pressure.

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Tuberculosis

A chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs but can also spread to other organs.

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Dyspnea

A major symptom of pneumonia characterized by difficulty breathing.

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Tachypnea

A major symptom of pneumonia characterized by an abnormally rapid breathing rate.

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Productive cough

A major symptom of pneumonia characterized by a cough that produces mucus.

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Purulent sputum

A major symptom of pneumonia characterized by a yellowish, pus-filled sputum.

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Pleuritic chest pain

A major symptom of pneumonia characterized by a painful feeling in the chest due to inflamed lung tissue.

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Study Notes

Week 1

  • Drugs are classified by their structure and therapeutic use.
  • Pharmaceutics is the influence of drug forms on the body.
  • Pharmacodynamics is the effect of a drug on the body.
  • Pharmacokinetics is the body's effect on the drug.
  • Time-critical drugs must be administered within 30 minutes before or after the scheduled time.
  • Non-time critical treatments can be given within 2 hours before or after the scheduled time.

Week 2

  • X-rays: Used to visualize bones, sinuses, lungs, colon (with barium contrast), and other structures.
  • Computed Tomography (CT): Can reveal space-occupying lesions, tumors, abscesses, and infarcts in various areas including the urinary tract and arteries.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Best for acute and delineating deep-seated lesions, including those in bones, joints, brain, and spinal cord.
  • Ultrasound: Useful for examining organs like the gallbladder, uterus, and other soft tissues.
  • Nuclear Isotope Scans (PET): Highlight tissue uptake of substances for diagnosis.
  • Biopsy is a small tissue sample, while resection is a larger removal.

Week 3

  • Drugs bind to albumin, limiting their distribution in the body.
  • Potassium (K) is primarily found inside cells (ICF).
  • Sodium (Na) is primarily outside cells (ECF).
  • Stress, nausea, nicotine, and morphine stimulate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion.

Week 4

  • Pharmacogenetics studies how genes affect drug responses.
  • Pharmacogenomics focuses on individualizing drug therapy based on genetics.
  • Common drugs associated with medication errors include CNS drugs and anticoagulants.

Week 5

  • A thrombus is a blood clot.
  • An embolus is a particulate matter.
  • Apoptosis is programmed cell death.

Week 7

  • B and T cells release cytokines.
  • Hypersensitivity reactions involve Type 1 (IgE mediated), Type 2 (IgG/IgM), Type 3 (immune complexes), and Type 4 (delayed).

Weeks 11 and Week 12

  • Various drugs work to combat UTIs, by affecting protein synthesis (macrolides, carbapenems).
  • Drugs are classified by their action on the pathogen.
  • Invasion and metastasis are stages in tumor progression.
  • Important to identify and treat abnormal cell growth in cancer.
  • Several metabolic deficiencies can cause problems in respiration via anaerobic metabolism.

Additional Notes

  • Multiple weeks of study content have been covered, addressing topics like diagnostic imaging, drug classifications, pathological and inflammatory processes, and various treatments.

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Related Documents

NURS 2535 Final Exam Review PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in pharmacology and medical imaging techniques as studied in the first two weeks. It includes classifications of drugs, their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as various imaging modalities such as X-rays, CT, MRI, and ultrasound. Test your understanding of these critical topics in healthcare.

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