BASIC PHARMACOLOGY: CONTRAST MEDIA
38 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the position of the iodine atoms on the benzene ring?

  • Position 1, 3, 5
  • Position 1, 2, 3
  • Position 2, 4, 6 (correct)
  • Position 3, 5, 7

What is the function of iodine molecules in ROCM?

  • To reduce the osmolality of the media
  • To allow more photons to pass through the body
  • To increase the solubility of the media
  • To increase the radiopacity of the media (correct)

What determines the radiopacity of ROCM?

  • The percentage of iodine in the molecule (correct)
  • The osmolality of the media
  • The type of cation used
  • The concentration of the media

What is osmosis?

<p>The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of placing a highly osmotic agent into the bloodstream?

<p>Fluid from outside the bloodstream is drawn into the bloodstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for osmosis to occur?

<p>A greater concentration of solute on one side of the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of osmotically active particles on the intravascular space?

<p>Dilution of normal intravascular constituents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for osmolality?

<p>Milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of osmosis in a solution?

<p>To equilibrate osmotic pressures between two permeable or semipermeable membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmolality?

<p>The concentration of molecules per kilogram of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmolarity?

<p>The concentration of molecules per liter of solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of highly osmotic agents on the intravascular and extravascular spaces?

<p>Osmotic pressures are equilibrated between the two spaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the number of molecules per liter of solution?

<p>Osmolarity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of highly osmotic agents on cardiac function?

<p>Contributes to adverse cardiac effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

<p>Osmosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of highly osmotic agents on the kidneys?

<p>Contributes to adverse renal effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ROCM may be eliminated via the hepatic-biliary system?

<p>Up to 50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which IV ROCM is eliminated principally by the hepatic-biliary system?

<p>Iodamide meglumine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enteral radiopaque contrast media?

<p>To diagnose and evaluate disorders of the GI system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the category of Gastrografin?

<p>Aqueous solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Gastrografin preferred over barium sulfate for CT scans?

<p>Less artefact production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of using Gastrografin?

<p>Diarrhea and systemic hypovolemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for radiopacity to occur in the duodenum after oral administration of Gastrografin?

<p>15 to 90 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are gastrointestinal ROCM distributed in the body?

<p>Solely into the GI lumen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is measured in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

<p>Return of transiently excited protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reduces both longitudinal and transverse relaxation times of nearby water protons?

<p>Paramagnetic contrast agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using paramagnetic contrast agents in MRI?

<p>Enhanced image when exposed to a strong magnetic field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a gadolinium compound?

<p>Gadolinium sulfate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do gadolinium compounds rapidly distribute?

<p>Intracellular and extravascular spaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolality of gadolinium compounds?

<p>Approximately 1960 mOsm/kg H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using contrast agents in MRI?

<p>Increased conspicuity of lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of contrast agent administration in the post-contrast image?

<p>Rim enhancement of the lesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Gadopentetate salts in medical imaging?

<p>Visualizing central nervous system lesions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Iron Compounds used as contrast agents?

<p>Low osmolality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Mangafodipir trisodium (Teslascan) in medical imaging?

<p>Visualizing hepatic lesions with hepatocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesions can Gadopentetate salts help identify?

<p>Central nervous system lesions, including spinal neoplasms and pituitary adenoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential use of Gadopentetate salts in MRI?

<p>Enhancing resolution in obese individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissues do Iron Compounds help identify lesions in?

<p>Hepatic and lymphatic tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Radiopacity in contrast media

Iodine molecules absorb photons within the body, preventing them from reaching radiographic film and creating a visible area on the film. This is known as radiopacity.

Factors influencing radiopacity

The higher the concentration of iodine and the larger the iodine molecules, the more photons are absorbed, resulting in a greater degree of radiopacity.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Osmolality

Number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, representing the concentration of dissolved molecules in a solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmolarity

Number of milliosmoles per liter of solution, representing the concentration of dissolved molecules in a solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmotically active particles

Substances that pull water across a membrane due to their high concentration, causing a dilution effect.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Effect of ROCM on the bloodstream

High osmotic agents, like ROCM, attract water from surrounding tissues into the bloodstream, increasing the blood volume and pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enteral radiopaque contrast media

Contrast agents used to study the gastrointestinal system, available as aqueous solutions, suspensions, and tablets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium (Gastrografin)

Examples of enteral contrast media used for diagnosing GI disorders. They help visualize the GI tract during imaging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paramagnetic contrast agents

Heavy metal chelates like gadolinium, iron, and manganese used in MRI scans to enhance image quality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distribution of gadolinium compounds

Gadolinium compounds distribute quickly throughout the body, entering both cells and the spaces between cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gadodiamide (Omniscan), gadoteridol (ProHance), gadoversetamide (OptiMARK), gadobutrol (Gadovist), and gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist)

Examples of gadolinium compounds used in MRI scans to highlight various tissues and structures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Uses of gadolinium compounds in imaging central nervous system lesions

Gadolinium's ability to enhance contrast makes it useful for identifying various neurological problems, including brain tumors, spinal issues, and inflammatory diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ferumores

Iron compounds containing iron particles that remain in the bloodstream for an extended period, making them useful for imaging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ferumoxtran-10 (Combidex), iron oxide (Clariscan), and ferumoxytol

Examples of ferumores used in imaging to identify liver lesions and lymphatic tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mangafodipir trisodium (Teslascan)

Manganese-based contrast agent primarily used for identifying cancers with hepatocytes in their matrix.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enteral Radiopaque Contrast Media

Used to diagnose and evaluate disorders of the GI system, available as aqueous solutions, suspensions, and tablets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paramagnetic Contrast Agents

These contrast agents affect the water molecules surrounding them, making them visible on MRI.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paramagnetic contrast agents

Heavy metal chelates like gadolinium, iron, and manganese used in MRI scans to enhance image quality

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distribution of gadolinium compounds

These contrast agents can enter both cells (intracellular) and the spaces between cells (extravascular), allowing them to distribute throughout the body quickly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gadodiamide (Omniscan), gadoteridol (ProHance), gadoversetamide (OptiMARK), gadobutrol (Gadovist), and gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist)

Examples of gadolinium compounds used in various imaging techniques.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Uses of gadolinium compounds in imaging central nervous system lesions

Gadolinium's ability to enhance contrast makes it a valuable tool for visualizing a wide range of neurological conditions, including tumors, spinal problems, and inflammatory illnesses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ferumores

Iron compounds containing iron particles that are highly magnetic and remain in the bloodstream for prolonged periods, making them suitable for imaging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ferumoxtran-10 (Combidex), iron oxide (Clariscan), and ferumoxytol

Examples of ferumores used in imaging to identify liver lesions and lymphatic tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mangafodipir trisodium (Teslascan)

Mangafodipir trisodium (Teslascan) is a specialized contrast agent that highlights certain types of cancer cells within the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Concentration of Iodine in Radiopaque Contrast Agents

The amount of iodine present in a contrast agent directly affects how much light it absorbs. A higher concentration of iodine will absorb more light, creating a stronger image.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Size of Iodine Molecules in Radiopaque Contrast Agents

The size of iodine molecules also affects how well they absorb light. Larger molecules will block more photons than smaller ones, leading to a stronger image.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Contrast Media

  • Iodine molecules are effective photon absorbers in the human body, blocking photons from passing through to radiographic film, resulting in radiopacity.
  • Radiopacity is a direct function of the percentage of iodine in the molecule and the concentration of media present.

Osmolality, Osmolarity, and Osmotic Activity

  • Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, requiring a greater concentration of solute on one side to draw water across the membrane.
  • Osmolality is the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, measuring the concentration of molecules per weight of water, with units in mol/kg.
  • Osmolarity is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution, measuring the concentration of molecules per liter of solution, with units in mOsm/L.

Osmotically Active Particles

  • Highly osmotic agents, such as ROCM, attract water, causing a dilutional effect to equilibrate pressures between two permeable or semipermeable membranes.
  • ROCM in the bloodstream causes fluid from outside the bloodstream to be drawn into the bloodstream, diluting osmotic particles and increasing intravascular hydrostatic pressures.

Enteral Radiopaques Contrast Media

  • Used to diagnose and evaluate disorders of the GI system.
  • Categories include aqueous solutions, suspensions, and tablets.
  • Examples include diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium (Gastrografin) solutions, which aid in the diagnosis of GI tract disorders.

Paramagnetic Contrast Agents

  • Consist of heavy metal chelates, such as gadolinium, iron, and manganese, that reduce the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times of nearby water protons in MRI scans.
  • Enhance image production in MRI scans.

Gadolinium Compounds

  • Rapidly distribute into intracellular and extravascular spaces.
  • Examples include gadodiamide (Omniscan), gadoteridol (ProHance, gadoversetamide OptiMARK), gadobutrol (Gadovist), and gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist).
  • Useful in identifying central nervous system lesions, spinal neoplasms, spinal disease, primary brain tumors, intracranial metastases, acoustic neurinomas, active multiple sclerosis, pituitary adenoma, and meningeal disease.

Iron Compounds

  • Ferumores contain iron particles that are highly paramagnetic and remain in the bloodstream for long periods.
  • Examples include ferumoxtran-10 (Combidex), iron oxide (Clariscan), and ferumoxytol.
  • Useful in identifying hepatic lesions and lesions associated with lymphatic tissues.

Manganese Compounds

  • Mangafodipir trisodium (Teslascan) is a compound containing manganese, used primarily to identify cancers that have hepatocytes in their matrix.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

This quiz covers the basics of contrast media in pharmacology, including the structure and properties of iodinated molecules used in medical imaging.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser