Pharm 2; Concept review 2

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of anticholinergic drugs?

Increased salivation

Dry mouth (correct)

Increased sweating

Improved bladder control

What is the primary function of beta2-adrenergic receptors?

Dilate blood vessels

Increase heart rate and contractility

Promote bronchodilation (correct)

Decrease urine output

Constrict bronchioles

Which drug is used to treat urinary retention after surgery?

Donepezil

Oxybutynin

Glycopyrrolate

Bethanechol (correct)

What is the main precaution to consider when using beta-blockers?

Avoid stopping the medication abruptly (E) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dopamine in shock management?

Increase cardiac output (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is specifically indicated for treating mild heart failure?

Carvedilol (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms might indicate worsening heart failure in a patient taking carvedilol?

Shortness of breath (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for cholinergic drugs?

Hypertension (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for active seniors to stay cool when taking anticholinergic drugs?

Anticholinergics can reduce sweating (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug improves memory in Alzheimer's patients but is not a cure?

Donepezil (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs act as adrenergic agonists?

Epinephrine (A), Albuterol (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adrenergic receptors can increase heart rate when stimulated?

Beta-1 receptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Adrenergic drugs solely decrease heart rate.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Adrenergic drugs are primarily used to treat conditions related to low blood pressure.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with adrenergic drugs?

Norepinephrine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adrenergic receptors primarily mediate vasoconstriction?

Alpha-1 receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drug classes are used to treat hypertension?

Beta blockers (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Adrenergic Drugs: Sympathetic Superpowers

Mimic the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Epinephrine: Opens bronchi, increases blood pressure for life-saving interventions during anaphylaxis
Dopamine: Enhances cardiac output for shock management by improving heart rate and circulation
Key Receptors:
- Beta2-Adrenergic Receptors: Cause bronchodilation (essential for asthma treatments)
- Beta1-Adrenergic Receptors: Found in the heart, affecting rate and strength of contractions
Patient Teaching:
- Do not stop beta-blockers abruptly to avoid rebound hypertension
- Monitor pulse and blood pressure regularly
- Be aware of hidden hypoglycemia symptoms when using beta-blockers

Anticholinergic Drugs: PNS Blockers

Block the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) to reduce secretions and slow systems
Glycopyrrolate: Used pre-surgery to decrease oral and GI secretions
Oxybutynin: Decreases urinary frequency and helps with bladder control
Watch Out For:
- Dry mouth
- Blurred vision
- Constipation
Special Notes for Active Seniors:
- Stay cool to prevent heat stroke when outdoors due to reduced sweating
- Prevent dehydration with fiber-rich foods and plenty of water

Cholinergic Drugs: Boosting Acetylcholine

Stimulate the PNS by increasing acetylcholine levels
Donepezil: Improves memory in Alzheimer's patients (but is not a cure)

Disease-Specific Drug Applications

Heart Conditions:
- Carvedilol: Treats mild heart failure
- Watch for signs of worsening heart failure (weight gain, edema, shortness of breath)
Respiratory Management:
- Albuterol: Helps during acute asthma attacks (may cause tachycardia)
- Salmeterol: Prevents, but does not treat, sudden asthma symptoms
Neurological Focus:
- Memantine: Used for Alzheimer's Disease to manage symptoms
- Pyridostigmine: Improves swallowing in Myasthenia Gravis (when taken 30 minutes before meals)

Clinical Scenarios

Phentolamine: Prevents tissue damage from vasopressors like dobutamine
Physostigmine: Antidote for atropine overdose

Patient Education Essentials

Safety Precautions:
- Notify a doctor if pulse drops below 60 bpm while on beta-blockers
- Avoid overheating when taking anticholinergics—stay hydrated!
Timing Is Everything:
- Apply Scopolamine Patch 4–5 hours before travel for motion sickness
- Schedule Cholinergic Drugs carefully to align with meals for best effects
Herbal Awareness:
- Ginkgo biloba increases bleeding risk when combined with aspirin

Additional Information (page 2)

Bethanechol: Eases urinary retention after surgery
Contraindications: Avoid in cases of GI obstruction, Bradycardia, or Hypotension
Teaching Tip: Take bethanechol with meals to reduce nausea and vomiting

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of adrenergic and anticholinergic drugs used in medicine. Learn about their mechanisms, key receptors, and important patient teaching considerations. Test your knowledge on the roles these drugs play in managing various health conditions.