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What is the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body called?
What is the study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body called?
Pharmaceutics
What is the dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption called?
What is the dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption called?
Dissolution
Which of the following is NOT a principle of pharmacology?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of pharmacology?
Which phase of drug activity involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug?
Which phase of drug activity involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug?
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Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a drug interacts with its target.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a drug interacts with its target.
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Which of the following is NOT a step in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT a step in pharmacokinetics?
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Drugs administered by mouth have 100% bioavailability.
Drugs administered by mouth have 100% bioavailability.
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Intravenous drugs are 100% bioavailable.
Intravenous drugs are 100% bioavailable.
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What is the movement of drug from site of administration to bloodstream for distribution called?
What is the movement of drug from site of administration to bloodstream for distribution called?
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What is the term used to describe how much drug is available to be absorbed after reaching the liver?
What is the term used to describe how much drug is available to be absorbed after reaching the liver?
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What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where drugs administered by mouth have reduced bioavailability?
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where drugs administered by mouth have reduced bioavailability?
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Which of the following dosage forms can determine the rate of dissolution and onset of action for ONLY ORAL DRUGS?
Which of the following dosage forms can determine the rate of dissolution and onset of action for ONLY ORAL DRUGS?
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What is the term used to describe the technology that releases drugs in the GI tract over time?
What is the term used to describe the technology that releases drugs in the GI tract over time?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of time release technology?
Which of the following is NOT a type of time release technology?
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What is the term used to describe the delivery of drugs via the tongue or buccal mucosa?
What is the term used to describe the delivery of drugs via the tongue or buccal mucosa?
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What is the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to the drug's site of action called?
What is the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to the drug's site of action called?
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Which of the following areas are drugs distributed first to?
Which of the following areas are drugs distributed first to?
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What is the most common blood protein that carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules?
What is the most common blood protein that carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules?
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Protein-bound drug molecules are active.
Protein-bound drug molecules are active.
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Unbound portion of a drug is considered free and active.
Unbound portion of a drug is considered free and active.
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What are the numerous obstacles that drugs must overcome to reach their target cells called?
What are the numerous obstacles that drugs must overcome to reach their target cells called?
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Drugs must penetrate plasma membranes to produce effects.
Drugs must penetrate plasma membranes to produce effects.
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Which of the following methods are drugs transported through cells?
Which of the following methods are drugs transported through cells?
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Drugs taken by mouth must pass through mucosal cells of the GI tract, then capillary endothelial cells to enter the bloodstream.
Drugs taken by mouth must pass through mucosal cells of the GI tract, then capillary endothelial cells to enter the bloodstream.
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During travel, drugs are not subject to many physiological processes.
During travel, drugs are not subject to many physiological processes.
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Enzymes can enhance or inhibit drug activity.
Enzymes can enhance or inhibit drug activity.
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Drugs can trigger an immune response.
Drugs can trigger an immune response.
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What is the process of altering a drug into any of the following in the liver called?
What is the process of altering a drug into any of the following in the liver called?
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Which of the following is NOT a possible result of biotransformation?
Which of the following is NOT a possible result of biotransformation?
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Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a role in biotransformation.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a role in biotransformation.
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Lipid-soluble drugs are easier to eliminate than water-soluble drugs.
Lipid-soluble drugs are easier to eliminate than water-soluble drugs.
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What is the elimination of drugs from the body called?
What is the elimination of drugs from the body called?
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Which of the following organs is primarily responsible for drug excretion?
Which of the following organs is primarily responsible for drug excretion?
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The liver and bowel do not play a role in drug excretion.
The liver and bowel do not play a role in drug excretion.
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Drugs that have been metabolized by the liver have undergone extensive biotransformation, which results in a more active form of the drug.
Drugs that have been metabolized by the liver have undergone extensive biotransformation, which results in a more active form of the drug.
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Drugs that bypass the first-pass effect may reach the kidney in their original form.
Drugs that bypass the first-pass effect may reach the kidney in their original form.
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What is the time required for half of a given drug to be removed from the body called?
What is the time required for half of a given drug to be removed from the body called?
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After 5 half lives, most drugs are effectively removed from the body.
After 5 half lives, most drugs are effectively removed from the body.
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What is the time required to elicit a therapeutic response called?
What is the time required to elicit a therapeutic response called?
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What is the highest blood level of a drug called?
What is the highest blood level of a drug called?
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Toxicity occurs if the trough blood level of the drug is too high.
Toxicity occurs if the trough blood level of the drug is too high.
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What is the length of time that a drug's concentration is sufficient (without more doses) to elicit a therapeutic response called?
What is the length of time that a drug's concentration is sufficient (without more doses) to elicit a therapeutic response called?
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Drugs produce actions in only a few ways.
Drugs produce actions in only a few ways.
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Drugs can act on any cell or tissue in the body.
Drugs can act on any cell or tissue in the body.
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Drugs can cause a cell or tissue to perform a function that is not part of its natural physiology.
Drugs can cause a cell or tissue to perform a function that is not part of its natural physiology.
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Which of the following are 3 basic ways drugs interact with their targets?
Which of the following are 3 basic ways drugs interact with their targets?
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All mechanisms of action have been identified for all drugs
All mechanisms of action have been identified for all drugs
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What is the reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell where drugs bind called?
What is the reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell where drugs bind called?
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Drug-receptor action is the joining of the drug molecule with the receptor, which is often a carbohydrate structure within the cell membrane.
Drug-receptor action is the joining of the drug molecule with the receptor, which is often a carbohydrate structure within the cell membrane.
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What is the degree to which a drug attaches and binds to its receptor called?
What is the degree to which a drug attaches and binds to its receptor called?
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A drug can elicit or block a physiological response.
A drug can elicit or block a physiological response.
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What are substances that cause almost every biochemical reaction in a cell called?
What are substances that cause almost every biochemical reaction in a cell called?
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Drugs can produce effects by interaction with enzymes, but cannot inhibit or enhance their activity.
Drugs can produce effects by interaction with enzymes, but cannot inhibit or enhance their activity.
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Drugs that bind to a receptor and trigger a response are called antagonists.
Drugs that bind to a receptor and trigger a response are called antagonists.
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Drugs that block the action of agonists are called antagonists.
Drugs that block the action of agonists are called antagonists.
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Drugs that bind to a receptor but do not elicit a response are called partial agonists.
Drugs that bind to a receptor but do not elicit a response are called partial agonists.
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Before drug therapy is initiated, the outcome of the therapy should be established.
Before drug therapy is initiated, the outcome of the therapy should be established.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of drug therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a type of drug therapy?
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The therapeutic index is a measure of drug effectiveness.
The therapeutic index is a measure of drug effectiveness.
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A low therapeutic index means that the difference between a therapeutically active dose and toxic dose is large.
A low therapeutic index means that the difference between a therapeutically active dose and toxic dose is large.
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Drugs with a low therapeutic index require closer monitoring.
Drugs with a low therapeutic index require closer monitoring.
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What is the decreasing response to repeated drug doses called?
What is the decreasing response to repeated drug doses called?
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What is the physiological or psychological need for a drug called?
What is the physiological or psychological need for a drug called?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of dependence?
Which of the following is NOT a type of dependence?
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Physical dependence results in a physiological need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence results in a physiological need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms.
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Psychological dependence is the same as addiction.
Psychological dependence is the same as addiction.
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Drug interactions can only decrease the action of a drug.
Drug interactions can only decrease the action of a drug.
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Additive effects occur when two drugs with similar actions are administered at the same time, resulting in a combined effect greater than the sum of the individual effects.
Additive effects occur when two drugs with similar actions are administered at the same time, resulting in a combined effect greater than the sum of the individual effects.
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Synergistic effects occur when two drugs interact in a way that the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
Synergistic effects occur when two drugs interact in a way that the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
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Antagonistic effects occur when two drugs interact in a way that the combined effect is less than the sum of the individual effects.
Antagonistic effects occur when two drugs interact in a way that the combined effect is less than the sum of the individual effects.
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What is the study of genetic variations in drug response called?
What is the study of genetic variations in drug response called?
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What is the study of how genetics influences drug response called?
What is the study of how genetics influences drug response called?
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Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetics influences drug metabolism.
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetics influences drug metabolism.
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Pharmacogenomics can be used to tailor drug therapy to individual patients.
Pharmacogenomics can be used to tailor drug therapy to individual patients.
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Differences in alleles are known as genetic polymorphisms.
Differences in alleles are known as genetic polymorphisms.
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Pharmacogenomics can be used to predict drug response to antimalarial drugs, warfarin, codeine, and phenytoin.
Pharmacogenomics can be used to predict drug response to antimalarial drugs, warfarin, codeine, and phenytoin.
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Pharmacogenomics can be used to identify patients who are poor or rapid metabolizers.
Pharmacogenomics can be used to identify patients who are poor or rapid metabolizers.
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The human body does not change throughout the lifespan.
The human body does not change throughout the lifespan.
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Drug effects are the same across all ages.
Drug effects are the same across all ages.
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Newborns, children, and older adults have the same drug needs.
Newborns, children, and older adults have the same drug needs.
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A fetus is not exposed to drugs that the mother takes.
A fetus is not exposed to drugs that the mother takes.
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The first trimester is the most dangerous period for drug exposure in pregnancy.
The first trimester is the most dangerous period for drug exposure in pregnancy.
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Breast-fed babies are at a low risk for drug exposure from their mother.
Breast-fed babies are at a low risk for drug exposure from their mother.
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Children's skin is thicker than adults.
Children's skin is thicker than adults.
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Children's stomach lacks the acid needed to kill bacteria.
Children's stomach lacks the acid needed to kill bacteria.
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Children have stronger mucous barriers in their lungs than adults.
Children have stronger mucous barriers in their lungs than adults.
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A child's body temperature is well regulated, so they are less likely to become dehydrated.
A child's body temperature is well regulated, so they are less likely to become dehydrated.
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A child's liver and kidneys are mature, able to metabolize and excrete drugs fully.
A child's liver and kidneys are mature, able to metabolize and excrete drugs fully.
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Children's drug dosages should always be calculated using adult formulas.
Children's drug dosages should always be calculated using adult formulas.
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The West nomogram is a tool used for calculating pediatric dosages.
The West nomogram is a tool used for calculating pediatric dosages.
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Study Notes
Pharmacological Principles Module 2
- Module 2 covers various pharmacological principles.
Pharmaceutics
- Study of how different drug forms affect the body
- Includes dissolution, the dissolving of solid dosage forms.
Pharmacological Principles
- Pharmaceutics
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacogenomics
- Pharmacotherapeutics
- Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacoeconomics
- Toxicology
Phases of Drug Activity
- Pharmaceutical phase: Drug disintegration and dissolution.
- Pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
- Pharmacodynamic phase: Drug-receptor interaction and subsequent effect
Pharmacokinetics
- Study of what the body does to a drug.
- Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
Absorption
- Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream.
- Must pass through the liver to be metabolized.
- Bioavailability is the amount of drug available after liver absorption. Oral medications and first-pass metabolism.
- Intravenous drugs are 100% bioavailable.
- Different dosage forms affect dissolution and onset of action, especially for oral medications.
- Time-released and immediate release formulations are studied.
Distribution
- Transport of a drug through the bloodstream to its site of action, influenced by blood supply
- Drugs are first distributed to areas with high blood supply (heart, liver, kidneys, and brain).
- Albumin is the most common blood protein, binding to and carrying many drug molecules. Free drug is the active form.
Plasma Membranes
- Drugs must penetrate many membranes within the body.
- Mechanisms of absorption include diffusion and active transport
- Physiological processes can affect drugs as they move, including enzyme activity.
Protein Binding
- Drugs bind to plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
- Bound drugs are inactive while free drugs are active.
- Capillary cell walls are affected by this process.
Dosage Forms
- There's a variety of drug forms including Oral, Transdermal, Intravenous, Topical
First-Pass Effect
- Metabolism of a drug by the liver before it reaches systemic circulation.
First Pass/Non-First Pass Routes
- Different routes of drug administration affect first-pass metabolism
- Routes such as oral, hepatic arterial, portal venous, and others are characterized
Enteral Route
- Absorption into the systemic circulation through the stomach, small and large intestines.
- Absorption is affected by multiple factors, including pH, food, and bowel removal
- Routes of oral administration, sublingual and buccal administrations are studied
Parenteral Route
- Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous administration.
- Intravenous is fastest due to immediate entry into the bloodstream
- Intramuscular and subcutaneous administrations are slower
Topical Route
- Skin and localized targeted administrations
- Systemic absorption can be erratic.
- Useful for localized actions
Metabolism
- Biotransformation-alteration of a drug in the body (usually the liver).
- Involves cytochrome P450 enzymes
- Lipid-soluble drugs are targeted for metabolism
- Water-soluble is easier to eliminate
Excretion
- Elimination of drugs from the body
- Primarily by the kidneys
- Liver and bowel involvement in the excretion process
Half-life
- Time needed for 50% of the drug to be removed from the body
- After 5 half-lives, most drugs are removed
Onset of Action
- Time needed for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
- Peak and trough levels are significant factors
- Toxicity is a result of high peak levels
Pharmacodynamics/Mechanism of Action
- Drugs work in multiple ways, mainly on cell/tissue targets.
- Drug effects are based on where it works on the body.
- Cellular responses to drugs.
Receptor Interactions
- Drug-receptor interaction is joining the drug with a receptor.
- Affinity is crucial for the interaction.
- Drugs act as agonists or antagonists.
Enzyme Interactions
- Enzymes mediate biochemical reactions.
- Drugs can inhibit or enhance enzyme activity.
- Selective interaction is used for particular reactions
Drug Receptor Interactions
- Drug types (e.g., agonists, competitive antagonists, noncompetitive antagonists).
- Understand how different drug types interact with receptors.
Pharmacotherapeutics
- Establishes therapy goals before using the drug.
- Different types of therapy such as Acute, Maintenance, Supportive, and Prophylactic are discussed
Therapeutic Index
- Ratio of toxic level of the drug to its effective level.
- Safety is a crucial element to consider
Tolerance and Dependence
- Tolerance: reduced response to repeated drug doses.
- Dependence: physical or psychological need for a drug
- Different types of drug dependence are outlined.
Drug Interactions
- Drugs interacting with each other.
- Additive, synergistic, and antagonistic effects are studied.
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
- Genetic variations in drug response
- Genetics plays in how the body reacts to drugs
- Personalized drug therapy options
Clinical Applications of Pharmacogenomics
- Application of pharmacogenomics in various clinical areas (e.g. psychiatry, cardiology)
- Different methodologies and techniques in pharmacogenomics are discussed
Patient-Focused Considerations
- Human body changes through lifespan affect the drug's response, dosage and effect
- Differences in newborn, children, adults affect drug action
- Pregnancy is a significant period for the fetus
Pediatrics
- Children have specific needs in terms of drug administration.
Children
- Pharmacokinetic issues in children
- Differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
Older Adults
- Older adults have physiological changes that affect drug response
- Liver and kidney function decrease with age. More sensitivity to many drugs.
Older Adult Changes
- Impaired distribution due to reduced water content.
- Reduced protein stores affect drug binding.
- Decreased metabolism and excretion affect drug duration and elimination.
Physiological Changes in Older Adults
- Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, kidney physiological effects of aging on drug response and administration are reviewed.
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Description
This quiz delves into Module 2 of pharmacological principles, focusing on various facets such as pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, and drug phases. It highlights the significance of the drug's form, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in pharmacology!
