Podcast
Questions and Answers
The patient is receiving two different drugs. At current dosages and dosage forms, both drugs have the same concentration of the active ingredient. Which term is used to identify this principle?
The patient is receiving two different drugs. At current dosages and dosage forms, both drugs have the same concentration of the active ingredient. Which term is used to identify this principle?
- Bioequivalent (correct)
- Synergistic
- Prodrugs
- Steady state
When given an intravenous medication, the patient says to the nurse, "I usually take pills. Why does this medication have to be given in the arm?" What is the nurse's best answer?
When given an intravenous medication, the patient says to the nurse, "I usually take pills. Why does this medication have to be given in the arm?" What is the nurse's best answer?
- The action of the medication will begin sooner when given intravenously. (correct)
- There is a lower chance of allergic reactions when drugs are given intravenously.
- The intravenous medication will have delayed absorption into the body's tissues.
- The medication will cause fewer adverse effects when given intravenously.
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. Which statement is true regarding parenteral drugs?
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. Which statement is true regarding parenteral drugs?
- Parenteral drugs exert their effects while circulating in the bloodstream.
- Absorption of parenteral drugs is affected by reduced blood flow to the stomach.
- Parenteral drugs bypass the first-pass effect. (correct)
- Absorption of parenteral drugs is faster when the stomach is empty.
When monitoring the patient receiving an intravenous infusion to reduce blood pressure, the nurse notes that the patient's blood pressure is extremely low, and the patient is lethargic and difficult to awaken. This would be classified as which type of adverse drug reaction?
When monitoring the patient receiving an intravenous infusion to reduce blood pressure, the nurse notes that the patient's blood pressure is extremely low, and the patient is lethargic and difficult to awaken. This would be classified as which type of adverse drug reaction?
The nurse is reviewing pharmacology terms for a group of newly graduated nurses. Which sentence defines a drug's half-life?
The nurse is reviewing pharmacology terms for a group of newly graduated nurses. Which sentence defines a drug's half-life?
When administering drugs, the nurse remembers that the duration of action of a drug is defined as which of these?
When administering drugs, the nurse remembers that the duration of action of a drug is defined as which of these?
When reviewing the mechanism of action of a specific drug, the nurse reads that the drug works by selective enzyme interaction. Which of these processes describes selective enzyme interaction?
When reviewing the mechanism of action of a specific drug, the nurse reads that the drug works by selective enzyme interaction. Which of these processes describes selective enzyme interaction?
When administering a new medication to a patient, the nurse reads that it is highly protein bound. Assuming that the patient's albumin levels are normal, the nurse would expect which result, as compared to a medication, that is not highly protein bound?
When administering a new medication to a patient, the nurse reads that it is highly protein bound. Assuming that the patient's albumin levels are normal, the nurse would expect which result, as compared to a medication, that is not highly protein bound?
The patient is experiencing chest pain and needs to take a buccal form of nitroglycerin. Where does the nurse instruct the patient to place the tablet?
The patient is experiencing chest pain and needs to take a buccal form of nitroglycerin. Where does the nurse instruct the patient to place the tablet?
Of the types of oral medications listed, the powder form would be absorbed the fastest, thus having a faster onset. The tablet, the capsule, and, finally, the enteric-coated tablet would be absorbed next, in that order.
Of the types of oral medications listed, the powder form would be absorbed the fastest, thus having a faster onset. The tablet, the capsule, and, finally, the enteric-coated tablet would be absorbed next, in that order.
The nurse will be injecting a drug into the superficial skin layers immediately underneath the epidermal layer of skin. Which route does this describe?
The nurse will be injecting a drug into the superficial skin layers immediately underneath the epidermal layer of skin. Which route does this describe?
Which drugs would be affected by the first-pass effect when administered? (Select all that apply.)
Which drugs would be affected by the first-pass effect when administered? (Select all that apply.)
Before administering any medication, what is the nurse's priority action regarding patient safety?
Before administering any medication, what is the nurse's priority action regarding patient safety?
A patient is to receive a penicillin intramuscular (IM) injection in the ventrogluteal site. The nurse will use which angle for the needle insertion?
A patient is to receive a penicillin intramuscular (IM) injection in the ventrogluteal site. The nurse will use which angle for the needle insertion?
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
The nurse has an order to administer an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
The nurse has an order to administer an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
The nurse needs to administer insulin subcutaneously to an obese patient. Which is the proper technique for this injection?
The nurse needs to administer insulin subcutaneously to an obese patient. Which is the proper technique for this injection?
The nurse will plan to use the Z-track method of intramuscular (IM) injections for which situation?
The nurse will plan to use the Z-track method of intramuscular (IM) injections for which situation?
After administering an intradermal (ID) injection for a skin test, the nurse notices a small bleb at the injection site. Which of these is the best action for the nurse to take at this time?
After administering an intradermal (ID) injection for a skin test, the nurse notices a small bleb at the injection site. Which of these is the best action for the nurse to take at this time?
The nurse is administering an IV push medication through an IV lock. After injecting the medication, which action will be taken next?
The nurse is administering an IV push medication through an IV lock. After injecting the medication, which action will be taken next?
When adding medications to a bag of intravenous (IV) fluid, the nurse will use which method to mix the solution?
When adding medications to a bag of intravenous (IV) fluid, the nurse will use which method to mix the solution?
The nurse is measuring 4 mL of a liquid cough elixir for a child. Which method is most appropriate?
The nurse is measuring 4 mL of a liquid cough elixir for a child. Which method is most appropriate?
While the nurse is assisting a patient in taking his medications, the medication cup falls to the floor, spilling the tablets. What is the nurse's best action at this time?
While the nurse is assisting a patient in taking his medications, the medication cup falls to the floor, spilling the tablets. What is the nurse's best action at this time?
When giving a buccal medication to a patient, which action by the nurse is appropriate?
When giving a buccal medication to a patient, which action by the nurse is appropriate?
The nurse is giving liquid medications through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. Which technique is correct?
The nurse is giving liquid medications through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. Which technique is correct?
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. The statement "Absorption of parenteral drugs is affected by reduced blood flow to the stomach." is true.
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. The statement "Absorption of parenteral drugs is affected by reduced blood flow to the stomach." is true.
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
The nurse recognizes that an elderly patient may experience a reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid. This change may result in which effect?
The nurse recognizes that an elderly patient may experience a reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid. This change may result in which effect?
The nurse is administering drugs to neonates and will consider which factor may contribute the most to drug toxicity?
The nurse is administering drugs to neonates and will consider which factor may contribute the most to drug toxicity?
An 83-year-old woman has been given a thiazide diuretic to treat heart failure. She and her caregiver should be told to watch for which problems?
An 83-year-old woman has been given a thiazide diuretic to treat heart failure. She and her caregiver should be told to watch for which problems?
An elderly patient with a new diagnosis of hypertension will be receiving a new prescription for an antihypertensive drug. The nurse expects which type of dosing to occur with this drug therapy?
An elderly patient with a new diagnosis of hypertension will be receiving a new prescription for an antihypertensive drug. The nurse expects which type of dosing to occur with this drug therapy?
The nurse is trying to give a liquid medication to a 2 1/2-year-old child and notes that the medication has a strong taste. Which technique is the best way for the nurse to give the medication to this child?
The nurse is trying to give a liquid medication to a 2 1/2-year-old child and notes that the medication has a strong taste. Which technique is the best way for the nurse to give the medication to this child?
A patient who has advanced cancer is receiving opioid medications around the clock to keep him comfortable as he nears the end of his life. Which term best describes this type of therapy?
A patient who has advanced cancer is receiving opioid medications around the clock to keep him comfortable as he nears the end of his life. Which term best describes this type of therapy?
The patient is stating that he has a headache and asks the nurse which over-the-counter medication form would work the fastest to help reduce the pain. Which medication form will the nurse suggest?
The patient is stating that he has a headache and asks the nurse which over-the-counter medication form would work the fastest to help reduce the pain. Which medication form will the nurse suggest?
A drug dose that delivers 10 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.
A drug dose that delivers 10 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.
The nurse is giving an intradermal (ID) injection and will choose which syringe for this injection?
The nurse is giving an intradermal (ID) injection and will choose which syringe for this injection?
Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
The nurse is reviewing the criteria for over-the-counter drugs. Which criteria for over-the-counter status in the United States are accurate? (Select all that apply.)
The nurse is reviewing the criteria for over-the-counter drugs. Which criteria for over-the-counter status in the United States are accurate? (Select all that apply.)
A patient with a PEG tube is to receive ferrous sulfate, 75 mg per the tube, daily. The medication is available as an elixir, 220 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters will the patient receive per dose? Record your answer using one decimal place.
A patient with a PEG tube is to receive ferrous sulfate, 75 mg per the tube, daily. The medication is available as an elixir, 220 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters will the patient receive per dose? Record your answer using one decimal place.
Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester of pregnancy for which reason?
Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester of pregnancy for which reason?
The nurse is monitoring a patient who is in the 26th week of pregnancy and has developed gestational diabetes and pneumonia. She is given medications that pose a possible fetal risk, but the potential benefits may warrant the use of the medications in her situation. The nurse recognizes that these medications are in which U.S. Food and Drug Administration pregnancy safety category?
The nurse is monitoring a patient who is in the 26th week of pregnancy and has developed gestational diabetes and pneumonia. She is given medications that pose a possible fetal risk, but the potential benefits may warrant the use of the medications in her situation. The nurse recognizes that these medications are in which U.S. Food and Drug Administration pregnancy safety category?
When discussing dosage calculation for pediatric patients with a clinical pharmacist, the nurse notes that which type of dosage calculation is used most commonly in pediatric calculations?
When discussing dosage calculation for pediatric patients with a clinical pharmacist, the nurse notes that which type of dosage calculation is used most commonly in pediatric calculations?
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted 83-year-old patient and determines that the patient is experiencing polypharmacy. Which statement most accurately illustrates polypharmacy?
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted 83-year-old patient and determines that the patient is experiencing polypharmacy. Which statement most accurately illustrates polypharmacy?
The nurse is aware that confusion, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls are common responses in an elderly patient who is taking which type of drug?
The nurse is aware that confusion, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls are common responses in an elderly patient who is taking which type of drug?
For accurate medication administration to pediatric patients, the nurse must consider which of these factors?
For accurate medication administration to pediatric patients, the nurse must consider which of these factors?
A pharmacologic reaction is an extension of a drug's normal effects in the body. In this case, the antihypertensive drug lowered the patient's blood pressure levels too much. The other options do not describe a pharmacologic reaction. An adverse effect is a predictable, well-known adverse drug reaction that results in minor or no changes in patient management. An allergic reaction (also known as a hypersensitivity reaction) involves the patient's immune system. An idiosyncratic reaction is unexpected and is defined as a genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug.
Which of these is a pharmacologic reaction?
A pharmacologic reaction is an extension of a drug's normal effects in the body. In this case, the antihypertensive drug lowered the patient's blood pressure levels too much. The other options do not describe a pharmacologic reaction. An adverse effect is a predictable, well-known adverse drug reaction that results in minor or no changes in patient management. An allergic reaction (also known as a hypersensitivity reaction) involves the patient's immune system. An idiosyncratic reaction is unexpected and is defined as a genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug.
Which of these is a pharmacologic reaction?
Drugs administered via the buccal route are placed in the space between the cheek and the gum. Drugs administered via the sublingual route are placed under the tongue. The other options are incorrect.
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
Drugs administered via the buccal route are placed in the space between the cheek and the gum. Drugs administered via the sublingual route are placed under the tongue. The other options are incorrect.
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
The nurse is reviewing antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Which statements about AED therapy are accurate?
The nurse is reviewing antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Which statements about AED therapy are accurate?
During an assessment, the patient tells the nurse that he takes a garlic supplement for its cardiovascular benefits. Which drug or drug class, if taken, would have a potential interaction with the garlic?
During an assessment, the patient tells the nurse that he takes a garlic supplement for its cardiovascular benefits. Which drug or drug class, if taken, would have a potential interaction with the garlic?
A patient calls the clinic to ask about taking cranberry dietary supplement capsules because a friend recommended them. The nurse will discuss which possible concern when a patient is taking cranberry supplements?
A patient calls the clinic to ask about taking cranberry dietary supplement capsules because a friend recommended them. The nurse will discuss which possible concern when a patient is taking cranberry supplements?
The patient wants to take the herb gingko to help his memory. The nurse reviews his current medication list and would be concerned about potential interactions if he is taking a medication from which class of drugs?
The patient wants to take the herb gingko to help his memory. The nurse reviews his current medication list and would be concerned about potential interactions if he is taking a medication from which class of drugs?
The nurse is conducting a class for senior citizens about the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
The nurse is conducting a class for senior citizens about the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
For PEG tubes (and nasogastric tubes), medications are poured into the barrel of the syringe with the piston removed, and the medication is allowed to flow via gravity into the tube. Fluid must never be forced into the tube. The tubing is to be flushed with 30 mL of tap water (not saline) to ensure that the medication is cleared from the tube after the medication has been given. A 3-mL syringe is too small for this procedure.
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
For PEG tubes (and nasogastric tubes), medications are poured into the barrel of the syringe with the piston removed, and the medication is allowed to flow via gravity into the tube. Fluid must never be forced into the tube. The tubing is to be flushed with 30 mL of tap water (not saline) to ensure that the medication is cleared from the tube after the medication has been given. A 3-mL syringe is too small for this procedure.
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
The proper angle for IM injections is 90 degrees. The other angles are incorrect.
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
The proper angle for IM injections is 90 degrees. The other angles are incorrect.
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
The nurse is administering an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
The nurse is administering an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
Medications that fall to the floor must be discarded, and the procedure must be repeated with new medications. The other actions are not appropriate.
Medications that fall to the floor must be discarded, and the procedure must be repeated with new medications. The other actions are not appropriate.
A patient is receiving eyedrops that contain a beta-blocker medication. The nurse will use what method to reduce systemic effects after administering the eyedrops?
A patient is receiving eyedrops that contain a beta-blocker medication. The nurse will use what method to reduce systemic effects after administering the eyedrops?
A 2-year-old child is to receive eardrops. The nurse is teaching the parent about giving the eardrops. Which statement reflects the proper technique for administering eardrops to this child?
A 2-year-old child is to receive eardrops. The nurse is teaching the parent about giving the eardrops. Which statement reflects the proper technique for administering eardrops to this child?
A patient with asthma is to begin medication therapy using a metered-dose inhaler. What is an important reminder to include during teaching sessions with the patient?
A patient with asthma is to begin medication therapy using a metered-dose inhaler. What is an important reminder to include during teaching sessions with the patient?
When giving parenteral medications, the nurse will use Standard Precautions, which include what action?
When giving parenteral medications, the nurse will use Standard Precautions, which include what action?
A patient says he prefers to chew rather than swallow his pills. One of the pills has the abbreviation SR behind the name of the medication. The nurse needs to remember which correct instruction regarding how to give this medication?
A patient says he prefers to chew rather than swallow his pills. One of the pills has the abbreviation SR behind the name of the medication. The nurse needs to remember which correct instruction regarding how to give this medication?
When administering nasal spray, which instruction by the nurse is appropriate?
When administering nasal spray, which instruction by the nurse is appropriate?
The nurse is preparing to give an aqueous intramuscular (IM) injection to an average-sized adult. Which actions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
The nurse is preparing to give an aqueous intramuscular (IM) injection to an average-sized adult. Which actions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
Flashcards
Bioequivalent
Bioequivalent
Two drugs with the same active ingredient, dosage form, and concentration, resulting in similar absorption into the bloodstream.
Steady state
Steady state
A state where the amount of drug eliminated from the body equals the amount absorbed from each dose.
Synergistic effect
Synergistic effect
The combined effect of two drugs given together is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Prodrug
Prodrug
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Intravenous (IV) Administration
Intravenous (IV) Administration
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First-Pass Effect
First-Pass Effect
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Parenteral Administration
Parenteral Administration
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Pharmacologic reaction
Pharmacologic reaction
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Adverse effect
Adverse effect
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Allergic reaction
Allergic reaction
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Idiosyncratic reaction
Idiosyncratic reaction
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Drug half-life
Drug half-life
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Duration of action
Duration of action
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Onset of action
Onset of action
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Peak effect
Peak effect
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Selective Enzyme Interaction
Selective Enzyme Interaction
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Protein binding
Protein binding
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Buccal administration
Buccal administration
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Sublingual administration
Sublingual administration
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Renal failure
Renal failure
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Palliative therapy
Palliative therapy
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Maintenance therapy
Maintenance therapy
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Empiric therapy
Empiric therapy
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Supplemental therapy
Supplemental therapy
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Intradermal (ID) injection
Intradermal (ID) injection
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Subcutaneous (SC) injection
Subcutaneous (SC) injection
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Intramuscular (IM) injection
Intramuscular (IM) injection
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Z-track method
Z-track method
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IV bolus (push)
IV bolus (push)
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Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube
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Rectal suppository
Rectal suppository
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability
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Half-life
Half-life
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Pharmacokinetic phases
Pharmacokinetic phases
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Absorption
Absorption
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Distribution
Distribution
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Excretion
Excretion
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Adverse drug reaction
Adverse drug reaction
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Drug interaction
Drug interaction
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Antagonistic effect
Antagonistic effect
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Therapeutic index
Therapeutic index
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Tolerance
Tolerance
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Dependence
Dependence
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Drug abuse
Drug abuse
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Intradermal injection (ID)
Intradermal injection (ID)
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Subcutaneous injection (SC)
Subcutaneous injection (SC)
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Intramuscular injection (IM)
Intramuscular injection (IM)
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IV piggyback
IV piggyback
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IV drip
IV drip
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What is a bioequivalent drug?
What is a bioequivalent drug?
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What is a drug's steady state?
What is a drug's steady state?
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What is a synergistic effect?
What is a synergistic effect?
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What is a prodrug?
What is a prodrug?
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What is the IV route of administration?
What is the IV route of administration?
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What is the first-pass effect?
What is the first-pass effect?
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What is parenteral administration?
What is parenteral administration?
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What is a pharmacologic reaction?
What is a pharmacologic reaction?
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What is an adverse effect?
What is an adverse effect?
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What is an allergic reaction?
What is an allergic reaction?
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What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
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What is a drug's half-life?
What is a drug's half-life?
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What is a drug's duration of action?
What is a drug's duration of action?
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What is a drug's onset of action?
What is a drug's onset of action?
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What is a drug's peak effect?
What is a drug's peak effect?
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How does selective enzyme interaction work?
How does selective enzyme interaction work?
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What is protein binding?
What is protein binding?
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What is buccal administration?
What is buccal administration?
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What is sublingual administration?
What is sublingual administration?
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How does renal failure affect drug administration?
How does renal failure affect drug administration?
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What is palliative therapy?
What is palliative therapy?
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What is maintenance therapy?
What is maintenance therapy?
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What is empiric therapy?
What is empiric therapy?
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What is supplemental therapy?
What is supplemental therapy?
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What is an intradermal (ID) injection?
What is an intradermal (ID) injection?
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What is a subcutaneous (SC) injection?
What is a subcutaneous (SC) injection?
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What is an intramuscular (IM) injection?
What is an intramuscular (IM) injection?
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What is the Z-track method?
What is the Z-track method?
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What is an IV bolus (push) injection?
What is an IV bolus (push) injection?
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What is a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube?
What is a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube?
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What is a rectal suppository?
What is a rectal suppository?
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Rectal Suppository Insertion
Rectal Suppository Insertion
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Lubricant for Rectal Suppositories
Lubricant for Rectal Suppositories
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Positioning for Rectal Suppository Insertion
Positioning for Rectal Suppository Insertion
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Breathing During Suppository Insertion
Breathing During Suppository Insertion
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Post-Insertion Time for Suppository Absorption
Post-Insertion Time for Suppository Absorption
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Administering Eyedrops with Beta-Blocker
Administering Eyedrops with Beta-Blocker
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Administering Eardrops to a Child Under 3
Administering Eardrops to a Child Under 3
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Administering Eardrops to Adults
Administering Eardrops to Adults
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Using a Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)
Using a Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)
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Standard Precautions for Parenteral Medications
Standard Precautions for Parenteral Medications
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Administering Sustained-Release (SR) Medications
Administering Sustained-Release (SR) Medications
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Administering Nasal Spray
Administering Nasal Spray
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Appropriate Needle Size for IM Injections
Appropriate Needle Size for IM Injections
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Angle of Insertion for IM Injections
Angle of Insertion for IM Injections
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Checking for Blood Return in IM Injections
Checking for Blood Return in IM Injections
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Preferred Site for IM Injections in Adults
Preferred Site for IM Injections in Adults
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Dorsogluteal Site for IM Injections
Dorsogluteal Site for IM Injections
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Dosage Calculation of Hydromorphone IV Push
Dosage Calculation of Hydromorphone IV Push
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Safety of Herbal Remedies During Pregnancy
Safety of Herbal Remedies During Pregnancy
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U.S. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
U.S. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
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Potential Interaction of Kava with Sedatives
Potential Interaction of Kava with Sedatives
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Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs and Chronic Conditions
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs and Chronic Conditions
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Garlic Supplement and Hypoglycemic Medications
Garlic Supplement and Hypoglycemic Medications
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Cranberry Supplements and Renal Excretion
Cranberry Supplements and Renal Excretion
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Gingko and Antiplatelet Drugs
Gingko and Antiplatelet Drugs
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OTC Drug Use and Serious Conditions
OTC Drug Use and Serious Conditions
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Criteria for OTC Drug Status
Criteria for OTC Drug Status
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Dosage Calculation for Ferrous Sulfate Elixir
Dosage Calculation for Ferrous Sulfate Elixir
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Drug Transfer in Pregnancy - Third Trimester
Drug Transfer in Pregnancy - Third Trimester
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Pregnancy Category D Medications
Pregnancy Category D Medications
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Milligram per Kilogram Dosage Calculation
Milligram per Kilogram Dosage Calculation
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Polypharmacy in Elderly Patients
Polypharmacy in Elderly Patients
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Sedatives and Elderly Patients
Sedatives and Elderly Patients
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Factors for Accurate Pediatric Medication Administration
Factors for Accurate Pediatric Medication Administration
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Reduced Hydrochloric Acid in Elderly
Reduced Hydrochloric Acid in Elderly
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Drug Toxicity in Neonates
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Thiazide Diuretics and Elderly
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Dosing for Elderly Patients
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Disguising Medication Taste for Children
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Age-Appropriate Explanation for 4-Year-Old
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Pediatric Pharmacokinetics: Microsomal Enzymes
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Pediatric Pharmacokinetics: Renal Function
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Pediatric Pharmacokinetics: First-Pass Elimination
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Pediatric Pharmacokinetics: Gastric Emptying
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Geriatric Pharmacokinetics: Microsomal Enzymes
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Geriatric Pharmacokinetics: Body Fat Content
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Geriatric Pharmacokinetics: Nephron Number
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Geriatric Pharmacokinetics: Gastric pH
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Amoxicillin Dosage Calculation for Children
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Diazepam's Use in Panic
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Phenobarbital's Effect on Sleep
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Phenobarbital Interaction with Alcohol
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Suvorexant's Potential Side Effect
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Nonpharmacologic Measures for Sleep
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Barbiturate Overdose: Immediate Intervention
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Ramelteon Contraindication
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Cyclobenzaprine's Indication
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Long-Term Insomnia Management
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Kava Tea: Driving and Sedation
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Barbiturate Contraindications
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Phenobarbital Interactions
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Pentobarbital Dosage Calculation
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Chronic Pain Characterization
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Somatic Pain Management
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Opioid Administration: Respiratory Rate Assessment
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Opioid Overdose: Priority Action
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Opioid Analgesics: Constipation Management
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Opioid Tolerance: Increased Dosing
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Acetaminophen Overdose: Serious Toxic Effect
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Breakthrough Pain Management
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Feverfew: Common Use
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Acetylcysteine: Flavor Management
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Gabapentin's Indication Beyond Seizures
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Opioid Overdose: Respiratory Assessment
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Nalbuphine: Agonist-Antagonist Action
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Partial Agonist
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Nalbuphine
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Acetaminophen
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Liver Disease and Acetaminophen
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Contraindication for Acetaminophen
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Maximum Acetaminophen Daily Dose
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Adjuvant Pain Medications
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Corticosteroids for Tendonitis
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Opioid Side Effects
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Methadone Dosage Calculation
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Caffeine Use with Caution
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Orlistat for Weight Loss
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Fat Intake with Orlistat
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Methylphenidate for ADHD
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Methylphenidate Timing for ADHD
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Caffeine and Sleep
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Baseline Assessment for Methylphenidate
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Intended Effect of Orlistat
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Triptans for Migraines
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Triptan Use for Migraine Prevention
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Central Nervous System Stimulants
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Indications for CNS Stimulants
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Phentermine for Weight Loss
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Phentermine Administration Instructions
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Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox) Adverse Effects
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Atomoxetine Dosage Calculation
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Phenobarbital Dosing
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Phenytoin and Dental Care
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Antiepileptic Drug (AED) Therapy
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AED Therapy Discontinuation
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Status Epilepticus Treatment
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Phenytoin Therapeutic Index
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Carbamazepine Dosage Calculation
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Selegiline and Tyramine Interaction
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Carbidopa-Levodopa Combination
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Managing Dry Mouth with Benztropine
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Assessing Therapeutic Responses to Antiparkinson Drugs
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Carbidopa-Levodopa Common Side Effects
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Entacapone Contraindication
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Anticholinergic Drug and Human Needs
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COMT Inhibitor Advantage
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Entacapone and Urine Discoloration
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Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease
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Wearing-Off Phenomenon in Parkinson's Disease
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Carbidopa-Levodopa Contraindications
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Amantadine Dosage Calculation
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Buspirone Indication
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SSRI and Warfarin Interaction
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Risperidone Therapeutic Effect
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Haloperidol and Extrapyramidal Symptoms
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Phenelzine and Tyramine
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Lithium Therapeutic Range
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Phenothiazines and Dry Mouth
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St. John's Wort and SSRI Interaction
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SSRI Therapy and Suicidal Tendencies
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Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdose
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Antidepressant Therapy Timeframe
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Clozapine and Neutropenia
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MAOI and Tyramine-Containing Foods
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Ginseng Potential Adverse Effect
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SSRI versus Tricyclic Antidepressant
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Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms
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SSRI and MAOI Interaction
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What are MAOIs?
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What is the 'cheese effect'?
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What is the 'washout period'?
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What are SSRIs?
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What is Buspirone used for?
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What are extrapyramidal symptoms?
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What is haloperidol used for?
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What is lithium used for?
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What are the therapeutic effects of antipsychotics?
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What is dopamine?
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What is levodopa?
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What is carbidopa?
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What is entacapone used for?
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What are COMT inhibitors?
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What is the 'wearing-off' phenomenon?
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What is amantadine used for?
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What is dyskinesia?
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What is phenelzine?
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What is serotonin syndrome?
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What is a phenothiazine?
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What is St. John's Wort?
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What are the common side effects of phenothiazines?
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What is ginseng?
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What is the difference between SSRIs and TCAs?
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What is the nursing implication for a patient taking ginseng?
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SSRI Therapy Timeline
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Washout Period
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Lorazepam Dosage Calculation
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Herbal Remedies During Pregnancy
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Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (1994)
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Kava Interaction
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OTC Drug Limitations
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Garlic Supplement Interaction
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Cranberry Supplement Concern
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Gingko Interaction
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OTC Drug Use: Delay in Treatment
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OTC Drug Effectiveness
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OTC Drug Misunderstanding
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Over-the-Counter Criteria
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Ferrous Sulfate Dosage Calculation
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Doxazosin First-Dose Hypotension
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Captopril and Liver Disease
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Fundoscopic Examination for Hypertension
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Blood Pressure Regulation
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Antihypertensive Drug Side Effect: Impotence
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JNC-8 Guidelines for Black Patients
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Sodium Nitroprusside Drip Duration
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Antihypertensive Therapy Duration
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ACE Inhibitor Side Effect: Dry Cough
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Epleronone Contraindication: Hyperkalemia
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ACE Inhibitor for Diabetic Nephropathy
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ACE Inhibitor Interaction: NSAIDs
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Vasodilator Side Effect: Hypotension
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Antihypertensive Therapy: Regular Monitoring
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Enalapril Dosage Calculation
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Study Notes
Pharmacologic Principles
- Bioequivalent drugs: Two drugs that have the same amount of active ingredient and are administered in the same dosage form, have the same bioavailability.
- Steady state: A physiological state where the amount of drug removed via elimination equals the amount absorbed in each dose.
- Synergistic effect: The combined effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
- Prodrug: An inactive drug dosage form that converts into an active metabolite when inside the body.
Intravenous Medications
- Intravenous administration: Delivers medications directly into the bloodstream, resulting in faster absorption and quicker onset.
- Intravenous route: Bypasses the first-pass effect, reduces absorption time, and minimizes allergic reactions.
Parenteral Drugs
- First-pass effect: Metabolism of a drug in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
- Parenteral drugs: Bypass the first-pass effect as they do not travel through the digestive tract.
- Absorption of parenteral drugs: Faster than oral administration.
- Parenteral drugs and the stomach: Rate of absorption is unaffected by food or stomach contents.
Adverse Drug Reactions
- Pharmacologic reaction: A predictable side effect of a drug, and is a result of expected drug action.
- Allergic reaction: An unpredictable immune system response.
- Idiosyncratic reaction: An unexpected response to a medication, typically due to a patient's unique genetic factors or variability.
Drug Half-Life
- Drug half-life: The time it takes for half of the original dose of a drug to be eliminated from the body.
- Relationship to duration of action: Half-life determines the duration of a drug's action, longer half-lives equate to a longer duration.
Selective Enzyme Interaction
- Selective enzyme interaction: The drug binds to an enzyme, inhibiting its binding to the intended target, resulting in a drug effect.
Protein Binding
- Protein-bound drugs: Drugs that have a longer duration of action due to their binding to plasma proteins.
Buccal Administration
- Buccal administration: Administering medication between the cheek and gums.
- Buccal route: Oral route, where medication is placed in the mouth and absorbed through the buccal mucosa.
Renal Failure and Drug Excretion
- Renal function and drug excretion: The kidneys are the primary organ for drug excretion, and renal failure can impact drug metabolism and excretion.
Drug Therapy Types
- Palliative therapy: Aims to maximize patient comfort for illnesses with no cure.
- Maintenance therapy: Used to manage long-term conditions like high blood pressure.
- Supplemental therapy: Provides substances the body needs to maintain normal function.
- Empiric therapy: Based on highly likely diagnosis and uses drugs for conditions of uncertain high likelihood.
Medication Administration Techniques
- Intradermal (ID) injections: Injections just under the epidermis.
- Subcutaneous injections: Injections in the fatty tissues beneath the skin.
- Intramuscular (IM) injections: Injections into muscle tissue.
- Z-track method: A technique for IM injections that prevents leakage of irritating substances.
- IV push (bolus): Administering medications directly into the bloodstream by IV.
Medication Errors:
- Medication safety measures: Verify patient identity with two identifiers before administering any medication. Ensure patient medications are safe.
Additional Information
- PEG tubes: Medications for PEG tubes are gravity-fed, not forced, into the tube barrel with the piston withdrawn. Flush with 30 mL of water, and avoid forcing fluids.
- Nasal spray: Clear nasal passages before administration and have the patient remain supine for 5 minutes afterward.
- Eyedrops: Use a finger to apply gentle pressure to the nasolacrimal duct for 30-60 seconds to enhance absorption and reduce systemic effects.
- Eardrops: For children under 3, pull the pinna down and back; for adults, pull upward and outward. Do not pull on the earlobe.
- Inhalers: Position inhaler 1-2 inches from mouth or use a spacer. Inhale slowly while pressing down to release medication.
- Rectal suppositories: Position patient on left side, apply water-soluble lubricant, and have the patient remain on their left side for 15-20 minutes after insertion to allow absorption.
- Buccal medications: Place between upper or lower molars and cheek; do not swallow and do not use water.
- Partial agonists: Have a lower dependency potential than agonists and similar therapeutic indications to full agonists.
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol): Maximum daily amount: 3000 mg. Avoid in liver disease.
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Requires washout period between two classes of drugs. Avoid foods with tyramine (e.g., aged cheeses, beer).
- Gingko: Increases risk of bleeding with antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, clopidogrel) and anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin).
- Grapefruit juice: Can interfere with metabolism, increasing drug levels and effects. This can be a concern with many drugs.
- Cranberry: May reduce the elimination of drugs excreted by the kidneys. This can be a concern when combining with some medications.
- Kava: May increase CNS depression when combined with sedatives.
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Description
This quiz explores essential pharmacologic principles such as bioequivalence, steady state, and the synergistic effect of drugs. Additionally, it covers intravenous administration methods, the first-pass effect, and the characteristics of parenteral drugs. Test your knowledge of these critical concepts in pharmacology.
