Podcast
Questions and Answers
The patient is receiving two different drugs. At current dosages and dosage forms, both drugs have the same concentration of the active ingredient. Which term is used to identify this principle?
The patient is receiving two different drugs. At current dosages and dosage forms, both drugs have the same concentration of the active ingredient. Which term is used to identify this principle?
When given an intravenous medication, the patient says to the nurse, "I usually take pills. Why does this medication have to be given in the arm?" What is the nurse's best answer?
When given an intravenous medication, the patient says to the nurse, "I usually take pills. Why does this medication have to be given in the arm?" What is the nurse's best answer?
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. Which statement is true regarding parenteral drugs?
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. Which statement is true regarding parenteral drugs?
When monitoring the patient receiving an intravenous infusion to reduce blood pressure, the nurse notes that the patient's blood pressure is extremely low, and the patient is lethargic and difficult to awaken. This would be classified as which type of adverse drug reaction?
When monitoring the patient receiving an intravenous infusion to reduce blood pressure, the nurse notes that the patient's blood pressure is extremely low, and the patient is lethargic and difficult to awaken. This would be classified as which type of adverse drug reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is reviewing pharmacology terms for a group of newly graduated nurses. Which sentence defines a drug's half-life?
The nurse is reviewing pharmacology terms for a group of newly graduated nurses. Which sentence defines a drug's half-life?
Signup and view all the answers
When administering drugs, the nurse remembers that the duration of action of a drug is defined as which of these?
When administering drugs, the nurse remembers that the duration of action of a drug is defined as which of these?
Signup and view all the answers
When reviewing the mechanism of action of a specific drug, the nurse reads that the drug works by selective enzyme interaction. Which of these processes describes selective enzyme interaction?
When reviewing the mechanism of action of a specific drug, the nurse reads that the drug works by selective enzyme interaction. Which of these processes describes selective enzyme interaction?
Signup and view all the answers
When administering a new medication to a patient, the nurse reads that it is highly protein bound. Assuming that the patient's albumin levels are normal, the nurse would expect which result, as compared to a medication, that is not highly protein bound?
When administering a new medication to a patient, the nurse reads that it is highly protein bound. Assuming that the patient's albumin levels are normal, the nurse would expect which result, as compared to a medication, that is not highly protein bound?
Signup and view all the answers
The patient is experiencing chest pain and needs to take a buccal form of nitroglycerin. Where does the nurse instruct the patient to place the tablet?
The patient is experiencing chest pain and needs to take a buccal form of nitroglycerin. Where does the nurse instruct the patient to place the tablet?
Signup and view all the answers
Of the types of oral medications listed, the powder form would be absorbed the fastest, thus having a faster onset. The tablet, the capsule, and, finally, the enteric-coated tablet would be absorbed next, in that order.
Of the types of oral medications listed, the powder form would be absorbed the fastest, thus having a faster onset. The tablet, the capsule, and, finally, the enteric-coated tablet would be absorbed next, in that order.
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse will be injecting a drug into the superficial skin layers immediately underneath the epidermal layer of skin. Which route does this describe?
The nurse will be injecting a drug into the superficial skin layers immediately underneath the epidermal layer of skin. Which route does this describe?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drugs would be affected by the first-pass effect when administered? (Select all that apply.)
Which drugs would be affected by the first-pass effect when administered? (Select all that apply.)
Signup and view all the answers
Before administering any medication, what is the nurse's priority action regarding patient safety?
Before administering any medication, what is the nurse's priority action regarding patient safety?
Signup and view all the answers
A patient is to receive a penicillin intramuscular (IM) injection in the ventrogluteal site. The nurse will use which angle for the needle insertion?
A patient is to receive a penicillin intramuscular (IM) injection in the ventrogluteal site. The nurse will use which angle for the needle insertion?
Signup and view all the answers
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse has an order to administer an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
The nurse has an order to administer an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse needs to administer insulin subcutaneously to an obese patient. Which is the proper technique for this injection?
The nurse needs to administer insulin subcutaneously to an obese patient. Which is the proper technique for this injection?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse will plan to use the Z-track method of intramuscular (IM) injections for which situation?
The nurse will plan to use the Z-track method of intramuscular (IM) injections for which situation?
Signup and view all the answers
After administering an intradermal (ID) injection for a skin test, the nurse notices a small bleb at the injection site. Which of these is the best action for the nurse to take at this time?
After administering an intradermal (ID) injection for a skin test, the nurse notices a small bleb at the injection site. Which of these is the best action for the nurse to take at this time?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is administering an IV push medication through an IV lock. After injecting the medication, which action will be taken next?
The nurse is administering an IV push medication through an IV lock. After injecting the medication, which action will be taken next?
Signup and view all the answers
When adding medications to a bag of intravenous (IV) fluid, the nurse will use which method to mix the solution?
When adding medications to a bag of intravenous (IV) fluid, the nurse will use which method to mix the solution?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is measuring 4 mL of a liquid cough elixir for a child. Which method is most appropriate?
The nurse is measuring 4 mL of a liquid cough elixir for a child. Which method is most appropriate?
Signup and view all the answers
While the nurse is assisting a patient in taking his medications, the medication cup falls to the floor, spilling the tablets. What is the nurse's best action at this time?
While the nurse is assisting a patient in taking his medications, the medication cup falls to the floor, spilling the tablets. What is the nurse's best action at this time?
Signup and view all the answers
When giving a buccal medication to a patient, which action by the nurse is appropriate?
When giving a buccal medication to a patient, which action by the nurse is appropriate?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is giving liquid medications through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. Which technique is correct?
The nurse is giving liquid medications through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. Which technique is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. The statement "Absorption of parenteral drugs is affected by reduced blood flow to the stomach." is true.
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. The statement "Absorption of parenteral drugs is affected by reduced blood flow to the stomach." is true.
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse recognizes that an elderly patient may experience a reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid. This change may result in which effect?
The nurse recognizes that an elderly patient may experience a reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid. This change may result in which effect?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is administering drugs to neonates and will consider which factor may contribute the most to drug toxicity?
The nurse is administering drugs to neonates and will consider which factor may contribute the most to drug toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
An 83-year-old woman has been given a thiazide diuretic to treat heart failure. She and her caregiver should be told to watch for which problems?
An 83-year-old woman has been given a thiazide diuretic to treat heart failure. She and her caregiver should be told to watch for which problems?
Signup and view all the answers
An elderly patient with a new diagnosis of hypertension will be receiving a new prescription for an antihypertensive drug. The nurse expects which type of dosing to occur with this drug therapy?
An elderly patient with a new diagnosis of hypertension will be receiving a new prescription for an antihypertensive drug. The nurse expects which type of dosing to occur with this drug therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is trying to give a liquid medication to a 2 1/2-year-old child and notes that the medication has a strong taste. Which technique is the best way for the nurse to give the medication to this child?
The nurse is trying to give a liquid medication to a 2 1/2-year-old child and notes that the medication has a strong taste. Which technique is the best way for the nurse to give the medication to this child?
Signup and view all the answers
A patient who has advanced cancer is receiving opioid medications around the clock to keep him comfortable as he nears the end of his life. Which term best describes this type of therapy?
A patient who has advanced cancer is receiving opioid medications around the clock to keep him comfortable as he nears the end of his life. Which term best describes this type of therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
The patient is stating that he has a headache and asks the nurse which over-the-counter medication form would work the fastest to help reduce the pain. Which medication form will the nurse suggest?
The patient is stating that he has a headache and asks the nurse which over-the-counter medication form would work the fastest to help reduce the pain. Which medication form will the nurse suggest?
Signup and view all the answers
A drug dose that delivers 10 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.
A drug dose that delivers 10 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is giving an intradermal (ID) injection and will choose which syringe for this injection?
The nurse is giving an intradermal (ID) injection and will choose which syringe for this injection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is reviewing the criteria for over-the-counter drugs. Which criteria for over-the-counter status in the United States are accurate? (Select all that apply.)
The nurse is reviewing the criteria for over-the-counter drugs. Which criteria for over-the-counter status in the United States are accurate? (Select all that apply.)
Signup and view all the answers
A patient with a PEG tube is to receive ferrous sulfate, 75 mg per the tube, daily. The medication is available as an elixir, 220 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters will the patient receive per dose? Record your answer using one decimal place.
A patient with a PEG tube is to receive ferrous sulfate, 75 mg per the tube, daily. The medication is available as an elixir, 220 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters will the patient receive per dose? Record your answer using one decimal place.
Signup and view all the answers
Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester of pregnancy for which reason?
Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester of pregnancy for which reason?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is monitoring a patient who is in the 26th week of pregnancy and has developed gestational diabetes and pneumonia. She is given medications that pose a possible fetal risk, but the potential benefits may warrant the use of the medications in her situation. The nurse recognizes that these medications are in which U.S. Food and Drug Administration pregnancy safety category?
The nurse is monitoring a patient who is in the 26th week of pregnancy and has developed gestational diabetes and pneumonia. She is given medications that pose a possible fetal risk, but the potential benefits may warrant the use of the medications in her situation. The nurse recognizes that these medications are in which U.S. Food and Drug Administration pregnancy safety category?
Signup and view all the answers
When discussing dosage calculation for pediatric patients with a clinical pharmacist, the nurse notes that which type of dosage calculation is used most commonly in pediatric calculations?
When discussing dosage calculation for pediatric patients with a clinical pharmacist, the nurse notes that which type of dosage calculation is used most commonly in pediatric calculations?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted 83-year-old patient and determines that the patient is experiencing polypharmacy. Which statement most accurately illustrates polypharmacy?
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted 83-year-old patient and determines that the patient is experiencing polypharmacy. Which statement most accurately illustrates polypharmacy?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is aware that confusion, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls are common responses in an elderly patient who is taking which type of drug?
The nurse is aware that confusion, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls are common responses in an elderly patient who is taking which type of drug?
Signup and view all the answers
For accurate medication administration to pediatric patients, the nurse must consider which of these factors?
For accurate medication administration to pediatric patients, the nurse must consider which of these factors?
Signup and view all the answers
A pharmacologic reaction is an extension of a drug's normal effects in the body. In this case, the antihypertensive drug lowered the patient's blood pressure levels too much. The other options do not describe a pharmacologic reaction. An adverse effect is a predictable, well-known adverse drug reaction that results in minor or no changes in patient management. An allergic reaction (also known as a hypersensitivity reaction) involves the patient's immune system. An idiosyncratic reaction is unexpected and is defined as a genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug.
Which of these is a pharmacologic reaction?
A pharmacologic reaction is an extension of a drug's normal effects in the body. In this case, the antihypertensive drug lowered the patient's blood pressure levels too much. The other options do not describe a pharmacologic reaction. An adverse effect is a predictable, well-known adverse drug reaction that results in minor or no changes in patient management. An allergic reaction (also known as a hypersensitivity reaction) involves the patient's immune system. An idiosyncratic reaction is unexpected and is defined as a genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug.
Which of these is a pharmacologic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Drugs administered via the buccal route are placed in the space between the cheek and the gum. Drugs administered via the sublingual route are placed under the tongue. The other options are incorrect.
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
Drugs administered via the buccal route are placed in the space between the cheek and the gum. Drugs administered via the sublingual route are placed under the tongue. The other options are incorrect.
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in renal failure resulting from end-stage renal disease. The nurse is aware that patients with kidney failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is reviewing antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Which statements about AED therapy are accurate?
The nurse is reviewing antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Which statements about AED therapy are accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
During an assessment, the patient tells the nurse that he takes a garlic supplement for its cardiovascular benefits. Which drug or drug class, if taken, would have a potential interaction with the garlic?
During an assessment, the patient tells the nurse that he takes a garlic supplement for its cardiovascular benefits. Which drug or drug class, if taken, would have a potential interaction with the garlic?
Signup and view all the answers
A patient calls the clinic to ask about taking cranberry dietary supplement capsules because a friend recommended them. The nurse will discuss which possible concern when a patient is taking cranberry supplements?
A patient calls the clinic to ask about taking cranberry dietary supplement capsules because a friend recommended them. The nurse will discuss which possible concern when a patient is taking cranberry supplements?
Signup and view all the answers
The patient wants to take the herb gingko to help his memory. The nurse reviews his current medication list and would be concerned about potential interactions if he is taking a medication from which class of drugs?
The patient wants to take the herb gingko to help his memory. The nurse reviews his current medication list and would be concerned about potential interactions if he is taking a medication from which class of drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is conducting a class for senior citizens about the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
The nurse is conducting a class for senior citizens about the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.)
Signup and view all the answers
For PEG tubes (and nasogastric tubes), medications are poured into the barrel of the syringe with the piston removed, and the medication is allowed to flow via gravity into the tube. Fluid must never be forced into the tube. The tubing is to be flushed with 30 mL of tap water (not saline) to ensure that the medication is cleared from the tube after the medication has been given. A 3-mL syringe is too small for this procedure.
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
For PEG tubes (and nasogastric tubes), medications are poured into the barrel of the syringe with the piston removed, and the medication is allowed to flow via gravity into the tube. Fluid must never be forced into the tube. The tubing is to be flushed with 30 mL of tap water (not saline) to ensure that the medication is cleared from the tube after the medication has been given. A 3-mL syringe is too small for this procedure.
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository?
Signup and view all the answers
The proper angle for IM injections is 90 degrees. The other angles are incorrect.
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
The proper angle for IM injections is 90 degrees. The other angles are incorrect.
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is administering an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
The nurse is administering an intramuscular (IM) immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection?
Signup and view all the answers
Medications that fall to the floor must be discarded, and the procedure must be repeated with new medications. The other actions are not appropriate.
Medications that fall to the floor must be discarded, and the procedure must be repeated with new medications. The other actions are not appropriate.
Signup and view all the answers
A patient is receiving eyedrops that contain a beta-blocker medication. The nurse will use what method to reduce systemic effects after administering the eyedrops?
A patient is receiving eyedrops that contain a beta-blocker medication. The nurse will use what method to reduce systemic effects after administering the eyedrops?
Signup and view all the answers
A 2-year-old child is to receive eardrops. The nurse is teaching the parent about giving the eardrops. Which statement reflects the proper technique for administering eardrops to this child?
A 2-year-old child is to receive eardrops. The nurse is teaching the parent about giving the eardrops. Which statement reflects the proper technique for administering eardrops to this child?
Signup and view all the answers
A patient with asthma is to begin medication therapy using a metered-dose inhaler. What is an important reminder to include during teaching sessions with the patient?
A patient with asthma is to begin medication therapy using a metered-dose inhaler. What is an important reminder to include during teaching sessions with the patient?
Signup and view all the answers
When giving parenteral medications, the nurse will use Standard Precautions, which include what action?
When giving parenteral medications, the nurse will use Standard Precautions, which include what action?
Signup and view all the answers
A patient says he prefers to chew rather than swallow his pills. One of the pills has the abbreviation SR behind the name of the medication. The nurse needs to remember which correct instruction regarding how to give this medication?
A patient says he prefers to chew rather than swallow his pills. One of the pills has the abbreviation SR behind the name of the medication. The nurse needs to remember which correct instruction regarding how to give this medication?
Signup and view all the answers
When administering nasal spray, which instruction by the nurse is appropriate?
When administering nasal spray, which instruction by the nurse is appropriate?
Signup and view all the answers
The nurse is preparing to give an aqueous intramuscular (IM) injection to an average-sized adult. Which actions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
The nurse is preparing to give an aqueous intramuscular (IM) injection to an average-sized adult. Which actions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pharmacologic Principles
- Bioequivalent drugs: Two drugs that have the same amount of active ingredient and are administered in the same dosage form, have the same bioavailability.
- Steady state: A physiological state where the amount of drug removed via elimination equals the amount absorbed in each dose.
- Synergistic effect: The combined effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
- Prodrug: An inactive drug dosage form that converts into an active metabolite when inside the body.
Intravenous Medications
- Intravenous administration: Delivers medications directly into the bloodstream, resulting in faster absorption and quicker onset.
- Intravenous route: Bypasses the first-pass effect, reduces absorption time, and minimizes allergic reactions.
Parenteral Drugs
- First-pass effect: Metabolism of a drug in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.
- Parenteral drugs: Bypass the first-pass effect as they do not travel through the digestive tract.
- Absorption of parenteral drugs: Faster than oral administration.
- Parenteral drugs and the stomach: Rate of absorption is unaffected by food or stomach contents.
Adverse Drug Reactions
- Pharmacologic reaction: A predictable side effect of a drug, and is a result of expected drug action.
- Allergic reaction: An unpredictable immune system response.
- Idiosyncratic reaction: An unexpected response to a medication, typically due to a patient's unique genetic factors or variability.
Drug Half-Life
- Drug half-life: The time it takes for half of the original dose of a drug to be eliminated from the body.
- Relationship to duration of action: Half-life determines the duration of a drug's action, longer half-lives equate to a longer duration.
Selective Enzyme Interaction
- Selective enzyme interaction: The drug binds to an enzyme, inhibiting its binding to the intended target, resulting in a drug effect.
Protein Binding
- Protein-bound drugs: Drugs that have a longer duration of action due to their binding to plasma proteins.
Buccal Administration
- Buccal administration: Administering medication between the cheek and gums.
- Buccal route: Oral route, where medication is placed in the mouth and absorbed through the buccal mucosa.
Renal Failure and Drug Excretion
- Renal function and drug excretion: The kidneys are the primary organ for drug excretion, and renal failure can impact drug metabolism and excretion.
Drug Therapy Types
- Palliative therapy: Aims to maximize patient comfort for illnesses with no cure.
- Maintenance therapy: Used to manage long-term conditions like high blood pressure.
- Supplemental therapy: Provides substances the body needs to maintain normal function.
- Empiric therapy: Based on highly likely diagnosis and uses drugs for conditions of uncertain high likelihood.
Medication Administration Techniques
- Intradermal (ID) injections: Injections just under the epidermis.
- Subcutaneous injections: Injections in the fatty tissues beneath the skin.
- Intramuscular (IM) injections: Injections into muscle tissue.
- Z-track method: A technique for IM injections that prevents leakage of irritating substances.
- IV push (bolus): Administering medications directly into the bloodstream by IV.
Medication Errors:
- Medication safety measures: Verify patient identity with two identifiers before administering any medication. Ensure patient medications are safe.
Additional Information
- PEG tubes: Medications for PEG tubes are gravity-fed, not forced, into the tube barrel with the piston withdrawn. Flush with 30 mL of water, and avoid forcing fluids.
- Nasal spray: Clear nasal passages before administration and have the patient remain supine for 5 minutes afterward.
- Eyedrops: Use a finger to apply gentle pressure to the nasolacrimal duct for 30-60 seconds to enhance absorption and reduce systemic effects.
- Eardrops: For children under 3, pull the pinna down and back; for adults, pull upward and outward. Do not pull on the earlobe.
- Inhalers: Position inhaler 1-2 inches from mouth or use a spacer. Inhale slowly while pressing down to release medication.
- Rectal suppositories: Position patient on left side, apply water-soluble lubricant, and have the patient remain on their left side for 15-20 minutes after insertion to allow absorption.
- Buccal medications: Place between upper or lower molars and cheek; do not swallow and do not use water.
- Partial agonists: Have a lower dependency potential than agonists and similar therapeutic indications to full agonists.
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol): Maximum daily amount: 3000 mg. Avoid in liver disease.
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Requires washout period between two classes of drugs. Avoid foods with tyramine (e.g., aged cheeses, beer).
- Gingko: Increases risk of bleeding with antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, clopidogrel) and anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin).
- Grapefruit juice: Can interfere with metabolism, increasing drug levels and effects. This can be a concern with many drugs.
- Cranberry: May reduce the elimination of drugs excreted by the kidneys. This can be a concern when combining with some medications.
- Kava: May increase CNS depression when combined with sedatives.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores essential pharmacologic principles such as bioequivalence, steady state, and the synergistic effect of drugs. Additionally, it covers intravenous administration methods, the first-pass effect, and the characteristics of parenteral drugs. Test your knowledge of these critical concepts in pharmacology.
