Pharmacokinetics Quiz Set A

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Which route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin?

Intravenous

Intramuscular

Oral

Transdermal (correct)

What is the driving force for passive diffusion of a drug?

Concentration gradient (correct)

Energy

Carrier protein

Active transport

Which organ is the primary site of drug metabolism?

Liver (correct)

Lung

Kidney

Heart

Which term refers to the study of drug movement throughout the body?

Pharmacokinetics Signup and view all the answers

What does absorption refer to in pharmacokinetics?

What happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration provides rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium?

Oral inhalation and nasal preparation Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is the most important for drug excretion?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prodrug?

To improve drug bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of a drug?

The time it takes for the drug to be reduced by half in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the first pass effect?

The process of drug metabolism in the liver or gut wall during initial passage Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin?

Transdermal administration Signup and view all the answers

What is the driving force for passive diffusion of a drug?

Concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is the primary site of drug metabolism?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the process of drug movement throughout the body?

Pharmacokinetics Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration provides rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

When local, rapid effects are needed, where is it necessary to introduce drugs directly?

Cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most important consequence of drug metabolism?

Promotion of renal drug excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prodrug?

To improve drug bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of half-life (t½)?

The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half Signup and view all the answers

Which route of excretion removes drugs from the body through urine, bile, sweat, saliva, breast milk, and expired air?

Renal route Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug absorption methods with their descriptions:

Passive Diffusion = The drug moves from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration without a carrier Facilitated Diffusion = Relies on a carrier protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Active Transport = Requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient with energy Endocytosis = Type of absorption used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to drugs with their definitions:

Bioavailability = The amount of drug that reaches in the bloodstream First-pass hepatic metabolism = Process where everything absorbed from the GI tract first enters the liver to be treated Protein Binding = The more bound to the protein, the more difficult it can be for the medication to be released and able to cross membranes to get to the tissue cells Blood–Brain Barrier = A protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to drug distribution with their descriptions:

Vascular permeability = Influence on drug distribution related to the ability of blood vessels to allow substances to pass through Regional blood flow = Influence on drug distribution related to the volume of blood supplied to different body parts Tissue perfusion = Influence on drug distribution related to the passage of fluid through the circulatory system to an organ or a tissue Lipid solubility = The ability of a drug to pass through the blood–brain barrier and reach the CNS Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Pharmacokinetics = Study of drug movement throughout the body Absorption = What happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues Oral/Nasal Inhalations = Routes of administration that provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium Intrathecal/intraventricular = Routes of administration that introduce drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid when local, rapid effects are needed Signup and view all the answers

Match the following routes of administration with their descriptions:

Oral (Enteric Coated and Extended Release) = Enteral route of drug administration Sublingual and Buccal = Enteral route of drug administration IV, IM, SC, ID = Parenteral route of drug administration Topical = Route of administration that achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associated areas:

Drugs = Can be absorbed from many different areas in the body Oral inhalation and nasal preparation = Provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium Blood-brain barrier = Typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) Cerebrospinal fluid = Where it is necessary to introduce drugs directly when local, rapid effects are needed Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to drug metabolism:

First Pass Effect = When a drug is absorbed from the GI tract, it enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation Prodrug = A compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance Half-Life (t½) = The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half Steady State = It occurs when the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being eliminated Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to drug excretion:

Glomerular Filtration = Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine Passive Reabsorption = Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood Active transport = Tubular 'pumps' for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine Drug Excretion = The removal of drugs from the body Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to drug dosage:

Loading Dose = Large initial dose of drug administration Maintenance Dose = The dose needed to maintain drug concentration at steady state when given repeatedly at a consistent dose and constant dosing interval Steady State = It occurs when the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being eliminated Half-Life (t½) = The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half Signup and view all the answers

Match the following non-renal routes of drug excretion:

Breast Milk = One of the non-renal routes of drug excretion Bile = One of the non-renal routes of drug excretion Lungs = One of the non-renal routes of drug excretion Sweat and Saliva = One of the non-renal routes of drug excretion Signup and view all the answers

During the first pass effect, a drug is absorbed from the GI tract and enters the ______ circulation before entering the systemic circulation.

portal Signup and view all the answers

A prodrug is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic ______.

substance Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of a drug is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half.

half-life Signup and view all the answers

A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit and takes about four ______.

half-lives Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtration is the first step in renal drug ______, where filtration moves drugs from blood to urine.

excretion Signup and view all the answers

During the first pass effect, a drug is absorbed from the GI tract and enters the ______ circulation before entering the systemic circulation.

portal Signup and view all the answers

A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit and takes about four ______.

half-lives Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of half-life (t½)?

It is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prodrug?

It is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance. Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtration is the first step in renal drug ______, where filtration moves drugs from blood to urine.

excretion Signup and view all the answers

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug ______ throughout the body.

movement Signup and view all the answers

Absorption refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the ______ fluids and tissues.

circulating Signup and view all the answers

Drugs can be absorbed from many different areas in the body: through the gi tract either orally or rectally, through mucous membranes, through the skin, through the lung, or through ______ or subcutaneous tissues.

muscle Signup and view all the answers

Routes of Drug Administration - ______ Inhalations

Oral/Nasal Signup and view all the answers

The blood–brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). When local, rapid effects are needed, it is necessary to introduce drugs directly into the ______ fluid.

cerebrospinal Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit and takes about four.

steady state Signup and view all the answers

During the first pass effect, a drug is absorbed from the GI tract and enters the ______ circulation before entering the systemic circulation.

portal Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prodrug?

improve drug bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is the primary site of drug metabolism?

liver Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtration is the first step in renal drug ______, where filtration moves drugs from blood to urine.

excretion Signup and view all the answers

What does absorption refer to in pharmacokinetics?

drug movement throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin?

transdermal Signup and view all the answers

A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit and takes about four ______.

half-lives Signup and view all the answers

Which route of excretion removes drugs from the body through urine, bile, sweat, saliva, breast milk, and expired air?

non-renal Signup and view all the answers

Topical application is used when a local effect of the drug is desired. Routes of Drug Administration - Others ______ This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the skin at the site of application, as well as the lipid solubility of the drug.

Transdermal Signup and view all the answers

Drug ______ It is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. Drugs can be absorbed into cells through various processes, which include passive diffusion, active transport, and filtration

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

The driving force for passive diffusion of a drug is the concentration gradient across a membrane separating two body compartments. In other words, the drug moves from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration. ______ does not involve a carrier, is not saturable, and shows low structural specificity.

Passive diffusion Signup and view all the answers

______ relies on a carrier protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

______ requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required for active absorption. Driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

______ is a process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Passive diffusion is driven by the concentration gradient across a ______ separating two body compartments.

membrane Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion relies on a ______ protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

carrier Signup and view all the answers

Active transport requires a ______, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient.

carrier Signup and view all the answers

Pinocytosis is a process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug ______ in a vesicle.

particles Signup and view all the answers

Endocytosis involves engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by ______ off the drug-filled vesicle.

pinching Signup and view all the answers

The amount of drug that reaches the bloodstream is called ______.

bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug ______ throughout the body.

movement Signup and view all the answers

Absorption refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and ______.

tissues Signup and view all the answers

Both the oral inhalation and nasal routes of administration provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and ______ epithelium.

pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

The blood–brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). When local, rapid effects are needed, it is necessary to introduce drugs directly into the ______ fluid.

cerebrospinal Signup and view all the answers

______ relies on a carrier protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane.

Passive diffusion Signup and view all the answers

This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the skin at the site of application, as well as the lipid solubility of the ______.

drug Signup and view all the answers

The most important consequence of drug metabolism is promotion of renal drug excretion by converting lipid soluble drugs into more hydrophilic forms.

First Pass Effect Aka First-pass hepatic metabolism When a drug is absorbed from the GI tract, it enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation. If the drug is rapidly metabolized in the liver or gut wall during this initial passage, the amount of unchanged drug entering the systemic circulation is decreased Signup and view all the answers

Prodrug

It is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance. Prodrugs are often designed to improve drug bioavailability; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve pharmacokinetics, decrease toxicity, or target a specific site of action Signup and view all the answers

Half-Life (t½)

It is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half. The amount of drug administered, the amount of drug remaining in the body from previous doses, metabolism, and elimination affect the half-life of a drug. By knowing the half-life, the time it takes for a drug to reach a steady state (plateau drug level) can be determined Signup and view all the answers

Steady State

It occurs when the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being eliminated. A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit. This takes about four half-lives, if the size of all doses is the same. For example, digoxin—which has a half-life of 36 hours with normal renal function—takes approximately 6 days to reach a steady state concentration. Signup and view all the answers

Loading Dose

Large initial dose of drug administration. By giving large dose, that is significantly higher than maintenance dosing, therapeutic effects can be obtained while a steady state is reached. After the loading dose, maintenance dosing is begun; this is the dose needed to maintain drug concentration at steady state when given repeatedly at a consistent dose and constant dosing interval. Signup and view all the answers

Special Considerations of Drug Metabolism

Age Induction and Inhibition of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes First Pass Effect Nutritional Status Competition Between Drugs Signup and view all the answers

Drug Excretion

It is defined as the removal of drugs from the body. Drugs and their metabolites can exit the body in urine, bile, sweat, saliva, breast milk, and expired air. The most important organ for drug excretion is the kidney. Steps in Renal Drug Excretion 1. Glomerular Filtration - Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine. Protein-bound drugs are not filtered. 2. Passive Reabsorption - Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood. Polar and ionized drugs remain in the urine. 3. Active transport - Tubular “pumps” for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine. Non Renal Routes of Excretion Breast Milk Bile Lungs Sweat ad Saliva. Signup and view all the answers