107 Questions
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing CBD?
CYP3A4
What is the primary role of the Nigrostriatal System?
Role in movement
Which system is heavily implicated in processing reward cues and cue motivated behavior?
Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum
What is the primary effect of cocaine at short term low doses?
Local anesthetic and physiological vasoconstrictor
How does cocaine affect dopamine release?
Increases synaptic levels of DA by inhibiting reuptake into the presynaptic terminal
What are the other excretion routes for drugs, apart from kidneys?
Skin, lungs, bile
What is the role of the Mesolimbic System?
Role in reinforcement/reward
What can lead to less breakdown of CBD?
Inhibition of the activity of CYP3A4
What is the primary effect of amphetamine and methamphetamine on DA terminals?
Cause DA terminals to release more DA into the NAcc
What is the likely involvement of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens when cocaine is administered?
DA levels increase substantially
Which route of administration involves injecting a substance directly into a muscle?
Intramuscular (IM) injection
Which route of administration involves placing a substance beneath the tongue?
Sublingual Administration
Which route of administration involves administering a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane?
Topical Administration
Which route of administration allows for the substance to be absorbed quickly due to the close connection of blood and lung membranes?
Inhalation
Which route of administration involves placing a substance in the rectum?
Intrarectal Administration
Which route of administration involves administering a substance directly into one of the cerebral ventricles?
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) Administration
Which route of administration has the fastest onset of effects due to being filtered through the lungs first?
Inhalation
Which route of administration involves administering the substance directly into the brain?
Intracerebral Administration
Which route of administration involves swallowing the substance?
Oral Administration
What physiological changes would you expect from amphetamine's action on the sympathetic nervous system?
Increased sweating, inhibited salivation, dilated pupils
What are the long-term toxicity effects similar to cocaine associated with methamphetamine?
Psychosis, paranoia, violence
Which neurotransmitter does nicotine primarily modulate in the central nervous system?
Dopamine
What are the cardiovascular effects of nicotine agonists?
Increase heart rate, hypertension, vasoconstriction
What is the primary effect of caffeine blocking adenosine receptors in the central nervous system?
Increases neurotransmitter levels, primarily dopamine and serotonin
What are the negative effects of high doses of caffeine?
Insomnia, restlessness, stomach upset, fast heartbeat
Which of the following is a factor impacting drug sampling according to the text?
Risk taking behavior/pleasure-seeking/impulsive personality types
What is the role of dopamine in the reinforcement of drug-associated behavior mentioned in the text?
Mediates liking and positive reinforcement of drug-associated behavior
Which drug acts by stimulating dopamine terminals to release more dopamine into the nucleus accumbens according to the text?
Amphetamine/methamphetamine
What is the primary effect of cocaine on synaptic levels of dopamine according to the text?
Increases synaptic levels of dopamine by inhibiting reuptake into the presynaptic terminal
What is the role of the Mesolimbic System mentioned in the text?
Heavily implicated in processing reward cues and cue motivated behavior
What is the primary reinforcing effect of addictive drugs according to the text?
Positive reinforcing effects by producing a positive result that makes the behavior repeatable
What is a social variation mentioned in the text that impacts exposure to drugs?
Culture (e.g. “dry” versus “wet” culture)
What is a naturally occurring genetic variation mentioned in the text that impacts personality traits and substance abuse?
Variation in the Dopamine Receptor
What are the potential negative effects of consuming 1200 mg of a substance rapidly?
Seizures
How do benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in terms of overdose risk?
Less overdose risk than barbiturates
What role do genetics play in alcohol metabolism, as per the text?
Affect alcohol sensitivity and risk of alcoholism
What are the potential severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, according to the text?
Delirium tremens, extreme anxiety, and panic attacks
What symptoms can withdrawal from marijuana lead to, as per the text?
Irritability, depressed mood, and lack of appetite
Addictive drugs are reinforcing, because the result makes you want to repeat the feeling. This is an example of __________ reinforcement.
positive
Reduction of anxiety or tension is __________ reinforcement.
negative
Amphetamine/methamphetamine acts by stimulating dopamine terminals to release more dopamine into the __________.
nucleus accumbens
Nicotine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine act by stimulating dopamine neurons to fire more action potentials and therefore release more __________.
dopamine
Family influences on eating disorders include typical family traits and characteristics of ______ of eating disordered girls.
mothers
Triggers for eating disorders include ______, extreme health focus, teasing about appearance, social or academic transitions, medical illness causing weight loss, attempts to improve athletic performance, and experiences of abuse.
puberty onset
Genetic influences suggest that eating disorders run in ______, with relatives of patients being 4-5 times more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
families
Eating disorders usually start in ______, with normative weight/shape concerns developing at a young age and interacting with social ideals.
adolescence
Basal Ganglia, including the Caudate nucleus and putamen, are important for action selection and motor control, and are highly ______.
dopaminergic
Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum is heavily implicated in reward processing, showing greater activation in ______ when engaging in tasks with peers, making activities more rewarding.
adolescents
A new hypothesis for ______ suggests that individuals learn dieting behaviors in adolescence and that these behaviors become ingrained habits associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum.
anorexia
Drug treatments for eating disorders include low dose antipsychotic medication for anorexia and ______, such as Prozac, and cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia.
antidepressants
Adolescence is the period of most susceptibility to ______ across the lifespan.
peer influence
Ventral striatum is associated with rewards and early stages of learning, while ______ is associated with learning habits and skills.
dorsal striatum
Individuals with autism show MORE synapses than healthy controls, showing there is more than one way to disrupt synaptic ______
pruning
In a study of children with Autism (age 7-13 years), it was found that the patients had HIGHER ______, and the higher connectivity was associated with greater social deficits
connectivity
Children with Autism can’t or will not imitate: this has major consequences for learning ______
language
Neuroleptics are used to treat stereotypies, aggression and self injurious ______
behavior
Anecdotal evidence is observation, not scientific analysis, and is usually casual or non-scientific observers, and can seem very compelling to the person it happened to in the absence of other ______
information
Anorexia nervosa treatment aims to get BMI to 17-18%, which may need to be done in hospital (inpatient) if anorexia is severe enough e.g. through feeding tube
weight restoration
Treatment goals for anorexia nervosa include ______ and targeting dysfunctional attitudes such as anxiety/distortions about body shape and image, and thinness equaling worth
psychoeducation
Several effective ______ for binge-eating disorder (BED) include CBT for bulimia adapted to BED, IPT for BED, and self-help based on effective treatment
treatments
Conception is the period of instantiation of genetic liability, where the relevance of affected genes may change throughout lifespan and genes may interact with normal and disrupted developmental processes
conception
______ is an example of a purely genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra twenty-first chromosome, correlated with maternal age, and characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and often physical abnormalities
Down Syndrome
Synaptogenesis is a rapid period of synapse formation which contributes to the growth of ______ matter in the brain.
grey
The effects of experience on the brain are evident from a study on rats raised in different environments, showing that environmental factors impact brain ______.
development
ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with function or ______, with specific criteria for diagnosis.
development
The prevalence of ADHD is 5% among school-aged children, with onset typically at age 3 or 4 and a higher prevalence in boys compared to ______.
girls
Brain maturation across childhood occurs at different times in different brain regions, leading to varying periods of vulnerability and ______.
resilience
What is the percentage of girls with ADHD who may not be diagnosed due to being less over-active, but still experience problems as adults?
50%
What percentage of children with ADHD have oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
80%
What type of medication is Ritalin (Methylphenidate)?
Stimulant
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) characterized by?
Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction
What does the DSM-V specify about autism?
It specifies three levels of autism
What is the primary reason why the vaccine hypothesis for autism became so appealing to many parents?
Parents are scared and looking for an explanation
What is the primary difference between anecdotal evidence and scientific evidence?
Anecdotal evidence is usually cherry-picked and not scientifically reviewed, while scientific evidence is statistically verified and replicable
Why is the use of neuroleptics, specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and oxytocin mentioned in the context of autism treatment?
To improve social deficits and target severe anxiety in individuals with autism
What is the primary focus of psychosocial treatment for autism spectrum disorder, as mentioned in the text?
To reduce problem behaviors and increase socialization
In the context of synaptic pruning in autism, what was found in individuals with autism compared to healthy controls?
Individuals with autism showed more synapses than healthy controls
During which period does synaptogenesis contribute to the growth of grey matter in the brain?
Infancy
What plays a vital role in the development of synapses, with the selection of which synapses are strengthened and eliminated largely due to the environment?
Plasticity
What is a characteristic of critical periods in brain development?
Abruptly defined
What is a characteristic feature of ADHD?
Onset typically at age 3 or 4
What is the prevalence of ADHD among school-aged children?
5%
Which treatment is most effective for 'early responders' in the context of binge-eating disorder (BED)?
Self-help based on effective treatment
What is the primary cause of Down Syndrome?
Maternal age
What is the characteristic cognitive change in individuals with Down Syndrome?
Impaired explicit (declarative) long term memory
What is the primary effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the developing fetus?
Reduced surface area of the brain
Which period of neurodevelopment is associated with risks related to pregnancy and maternal factors?
Early development
Which of the following is a treatment goal for anorexia nervosa?
Weight restoration to achieve a BMI of 17-18%
What is a characteristic of Down Syndrome as mentioned in the text?
Moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
What is the primary effect of alcohol on early development, according to the text?
Causing disruptions in neurons as they migrate to their final location in the brain
What is the impact of caffeine on adenosine receptors in the central nervous system?
Blocking adenosine receptors to increase neurotransmitter levels
What are the cognitive changes associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FAS), as mentioned in the text?
Impaired learning and memory, and executive function deficits
What is the reported prevalence of anorexia nervosa?
0.6%
What is the primary age of onset for anorexia nervosa?
Adolescence (15-18 years old)
What is a common medical complication associated with anorexia nervosa?
Osteopenia (decreased bone mass)
What is the reported prevalence of bulimia nervosa?
Approximately 1%
What are the primary characteristics shared by both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
Body dissatisfaction, distorted body image, and preoccupation with food, weight, and shape
What is the primary characteristic of binge eating disorder?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors
What is the primary cause of Lissencephaly as mentioned in the text?
Deficits in neural migration
What is the primary cognitive change associated with Down Syndrome?
Changes in learning and memory
What is the primary neural change associated with Down Syndrome?
Reduced brain volume
What is the primary effect of alcohol consumption during early development on the developing fetus?
Disrupts neurons as they migrate to their final location in the brain
What is the primary cognitive change associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FAS) as mentioned in the text?
Learning and memory impairment
What is the primary physiological change associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FAS) as mentioned in the text?
Smaller brain volume
What is the primary psychological dimension of eating disorders mentioned in the text?
Low self-esteem and distorted body image
Which brain region is heavily implicated in reward processing and shows greater activation in adolescents during rewarding tasks with peers?
Nucleus accumbens
What is a common trigger for eating disorders mentioned in the text?
Puberty onset
Study Notes
Substance Use and Psychopharmacology Overview
- Rapid consumption of 1200 mg of a substance could lead to negative effects like seizures
- Lethal dose of the substance is about 10 grams
- Barbiturates bind to GABA-A receptor and may be glutamate antagonist, leading to death in overdose and possible bad drug interactions
- Benzodiazepines bind to GABA-A receptor, with less overdose risk than barbiturates, and are now more common
- Alcohol is primarily recreational rather than medicinal, easily absorbed from the GI tract, and metabolized in the stomach and liver
- Genetics play a role in alcohol metabolism, with different alleles affecting alcohol sensitivity and risk of alcoholism
- Alcohol is a general CNS depressant and not a stimulant, affecting GABA and NMDA receptors
- Alcohol withdrawal can lead to severe symptoms such as delirium tremens, extreme anxiety, and panic attacks
- Cannabinoids are used more widely than all other classes of illicit drugs combined
- Cannabis can be consumed through various routes, with psychoactive effects and potential side effects
- Withdrawal from marijuana can lead to symptoms such as irritability, depressed mood, and lack of appetite
- Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, work on the body's own opioid system and can lead to euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing
Substance Use and Psychopharmacology Overview
- Rapid consumption of 1200 mg of a substance could lead to negative effects like seizures
- Lethal dose of the substance is about 10 grams
- Barbiturates bind to GABA-A receptor and may be glutamate antagonist, leading to death in overdose and possible bad drug interactions
- Benzodiazepines bind to GABA-A receptor, with less overdose risk than barbiturates, and are now more common
- Alcohol is primarily recreational rather than medicinal, easily absorbed from the GI tract, and metabolized in the stomach and liver
- Genetics play a role in alcohol metabolism, with different alleles affecting alcohol sensitivity and risk of alcoholism
- Alcohol is a general CNS depressant and not a stimulant, affecting GABA and NMDA receptors
- Alcohol withdrawal can lead to severe symptoms such as delirium tremens, extreme anxiety, and panic attacks
- Cannabinoids are used more widely than all other classes of illicit drugs combined
- Cannabis can be consumed through various routes, with psychoactive effects and potential side effects
- Withdrawal from marijuana can lead to symptoms such as irritability, depressed mood, and lack of appetite
- Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, work on the body's own opioid system and can lead to euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing
Eating Disorders: Key Points
- Social media discussion of food/health is both negative and positive, providing potential for promoting positive dietary behavior.
- Family influences on eating disorders include typical family traits and characteristics of mothers of eating disordered girls.
- Psychological dimensions of eating disorders include low sense of personal control, low self-confidence, perfectionistic attitudes, preoccupation with food and appearance, and distorted body image.
- Triggers for eating disorders include puberty onset, extreme health focus, teasing about appearance, social or academic transitions, medical illness causing weight loss, attempts to improve athletic performance, and experiences of abuse.
- Genetic influences suggest that eating disorders run in families, with relatives of patients being 4-5 times more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
- Eating disorders usually start in adolescence, with normative weight/shape concerns developing at a young age and interacting with social ideals.
- Adolescence is the period of most susceptibility to peer influence across the lifespan.
- Basal Ganglia, including the Caudate nucleus and putamen, are important for action selection and motor control, and are highly dopaminergic.
- Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum is heavily implicated in reward processing, showing greater activation in adolescents when engaging in tasks with peers, making activities more rewarding.
- Ventral striatum is associated with rewards and early stages of learning, while dorsal striatum is associated with learning habits and skills.
- A new hypothesis for anorexia suggests that individuals learn dieting behaviors in adolescence and that these behaviors become ingrained habits associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum.
- Drug treatments for eating disorders include low dose antipsychotic medication for anorexia and antidepressants, such as Prozac, and cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia.
ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical and Biological Insights
- Girls with ADHD may be less over-active and may not be diagnosed, but around 50% experience problems as adults
- ADHD is highly comorbid, with 80% of children having oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and 90% of adults having mood disorders
- ADHD is associated with neural changes in brain structure and function, including smaller brain volume and altered development in frontal cortex and basal ganglia
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is a commonly used ADHD medication that inhibits monoamine reuptake and affects dopamine transporter and receptor genes
- Stimulant medications like Ritalin are effective for 70% of ADHD patients, but may have side effects like anxiety and sleeplessness
- Behavioral treatments for ADHD include reinforcement programs, parent training, and social skills training to improve behavior and self-esteem
- Combined treatments, especially for cases with comorbid problems, are recommended for ADHD
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior
- The DSM-V specifies three levels of autism to include more spectrum-based approaches, each with varying degrees of support required
- ASD presentation is highly variable, with some individuals having very limited social interactions and others being high functioning
- Genetic factors, gene-environment interactions, and prenatal/perinatal factors contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD
- Known genetic mutations, polygenetic heritability, and prenatal/perinatal factors are associated with ASD, while vaccines are not a causative factor
Neurodevelopment and Development Disorders
- The basic structure of the brain is laid out during prenatal development and is similar to that of an adult in most major structural ways.
- However, it takes years of fine-tuning before the brain functions like an adult and has adult-like microstructure.
- Synaptogenesis is a rapid period of synapse formation which contributes to the growth of grey matter in the brain.
- Synaptic production and pruning correspond with overall brain activity, with young children's brains working harder and less efficiently than adults'.
- Synapse rearrangement occurs as active synapses likely take up neurotrophic factor to maintain stability, while inactive synapses get too little neurotrophic factor to remain stable.
- Even during infancy, resting state brain networks similar to those observed in adults are detectable, and the development of these networks follows certain principles.
- Plasticity plays a vital role in the development of synapses, with the selection of which synapses are strengthened and eliminated largely due to the environment.
- The effects of experience on the brain are evident from a study on rats raised in different environments, showing that environmental factors impact brain development.
- Brain maturation across childhood occurs at different times in different brain regions, leading to varying periods of vulnerability and resilience.
- Critical and sensitive periods in brain development have distinct characteristics, with critical periods being abruptly defined and sensitive periods gradually defined.
- ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with function or development, with specific criteria for diagnosis.
- The prevalence of ADHD is 5% among school-aged children, with onset typically at age 3 or 4 and a higher prevalence in boys compared to girls.
Understanding Eating Disorders and Treatment Approaches
- Social media content on food/health includes both positive and negative discussions, which can potentially promote positive dietary behavior.
- Family influences on eating disorders include specific characteristics of mothers of affected girls and the impact of family dynamics.
- Psychological dimensions of eating disorders encompass factors such as low self-confidence, perfectionistic attitudes, and distorted body image.
- Triggers for eating disorders range from puberty onset to medical illness causing weight loss and attempts to improve athletic performance.
- Genetic influences are evident in the familial tendency for eating disorders, with relatives of patients being 4-5 times more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
- Developmental considerations highlight the onset of eating disorders in adolescence and the influence of social ideals on body image concerns.
- Adolescence is a period of high susceptibility to peer influence, affecting reward processing in the brain's ventral striatum.
- The basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus and putamen, are crucial for action selection and motor control, with implications for disorders like schizophrenia and substance abuse.
- The nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum is heavily implicated in reward processing and shows greater activation in adolescents during rewarding tasks with peers.
- The ventral striatum is associated with early stages of learning and reinforcement, while the dorsal striatum is linked to habit and skill learning.
- A new hypothesis suggests that individuals with anorexia learn dieting behavior in adolescence, leading to ingrained habits associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum.
- Treatment approaches for eating disorders include cognitive-behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia, while anorexia may require weight restoration and psychological interventions.
Test your knowledge of substance use disorders with this quiz on pharmacokinetics. Learn about the routes of administration, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. This quiz covers topics such as intravenous and intraperitoneal injection methods.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
