Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing CBD?
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing CBD?
What is the primary role of the Nigrostriatal System?
What is the primary role of the Nigrostriatal System?
Which system is heavily implicated in processing reward cues and cue motivated behavior?
Which system is heavily implicated in processing reward cues and cue motivated behavior?
What is the primary effect of cocaine at short term low doses?
What is the primary effect of cocaine at short term low doses?
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How does cocaine affect dopamine release?
How does cocaine affect dopamine release?
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What are the other excretion routes for drugs, apart from kidneys?
What are the other excretion routes for drugs, apart from kidneys?
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What is the role of the Mesolimbic System?
What is the role of the Mesolimbic System?
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What can lead to less breakdown of CBD?
What can lead to less breakdown of CBD?
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What is the primary effect of amphetamine and methamphetamine on DA terminals?
What is the primary effect of amphetamine and methamphetamine on DA terminals?
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What is the likely involvement of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens when cocaine is administered?
What is the likely involvement of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens when cocaine is administered?
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Which route of administration involves injecting a substance directly into a muscle?
Which route of administration involves injecting a substance directly into a muscle?
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Which route of administration involves placing a substance beneath the tongue?
Which route of administration involves placing a substance beneath the tongue?
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Which route of administration involves administering a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane?
Which route of administration involves administering a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane?
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Which route of administration allows for the substance to be absorbed quickly due to the close connection of blood and lung membranes?
Which route of administration allows for the substance to be absorbed quickly due to the close connection of blood and lung membranes?
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Which route of administration involves placing a substance in the rectum?
Which route of administration involves placing a substance in the rectum?
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Which route of administration involves administering a substance directly into one of the cerebral ventricles?
Which route of administration involves administering a substance directly into one of the cerebral ventricles?
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Which route of administration has the fastest onset of effects due to being filtered through the lungs first?
Which route of administration has the fastest onset of effects due to being filtered through the lungs first?
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Which route of administration involves administering the substance directly into the brain?
Which route of administration involves administering the substance directly into the brain?
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Which route of administration involves swallowing the substance?
Which route of administration involves swallowing the substance?
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What physiological changes would you expect from amphetamine's action on the sympathetic nervous system?
What physiological changes would you expect from amphetamine's action on the sympathetic nervous system?
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What are the long-term toxicity effects similar to cocaine associated with methamphetamine?
What are the long-term toxicity effects similar to cocaine associated with methamphetamine?
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Which neurotransmitter does nicotine primarily modulate in the central nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter does nicotine primarily modulate in the central nervous system?
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What are the cardiovascular effects of nicotine agonists?
What are the cardiovascular effects of nicotine agonists?
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What is the primary effect of caffeine blocking adenosine receptors in the central nervous system?
What is the primary effect of caffeine blocking adenosine receptors in the central nervous system?
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What are the negative effects of high doses of caffeine?
What are the negative effects of high doses of caffeine?
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Which of the following is a factor impacting drug sampling according to the text?
Which of the following is a factor impacting drug sampling according to the text?
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What is the role of dopamine in the reinforcement of drug-associated behavior mentioned in the text?
What is the role of dopamine in the reinforcement of drug-associated behavior mentioned in the text?
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Which drug acts by stimulating dopamine terminals to release more dopamine into the nucleus accumbens according to the text?
Which drug acts by stimulating dopamine terminals to release more dopamine into the nucleus accumbens according to the text?
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What is the primary effect of cocaine on synaptic levels of dopamine according to the text?
What is the primary effect of cocaine on synaptic levels of dopamine according to the text?
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What is the role of the Mesolimbic System mentioned in the text?
What is the role of the Mesolimbic System mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary reinforcing effect of addictive drugs according to the text?
What is the primary reinforcing effect of addictive drugs according to the text?
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What is a social variation mentioned in the text that impacts exposure to drugs?
What is a social variation mentioned in the text that impacts exposure to drugs?
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What is a naturally occurring genetic variation mentioned in the text that impacts personality traits and substance abuse?
What is a naturally occurring genetic variation mentioned in the text that impacts personality traits and substance abuse?
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What are the potential negative effects of consuming 1200 mg of a substance rapidly?
What are the potential negative effects of consuming 1200 mg of a substance rapidly?
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How do benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in terms of overdose risk?
How do benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in terms of overdose risk?
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What role do genetics play in alcohol metabolism, as per the text?
What role do genetics play in alcohol metabolism, as per the text?
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What are the potential severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, according to the text?
What are the potential severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, according to the text?
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What symptoms can withdrawal from marijuana lead to, as per the text?
What symptoms can withdrawal from marijuana lead to, as per the text?
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Addictive drugs are reinforcing, because the result makes you want to repeat the feeling. This is an example of __________ reinforcement.
Addictive drugs are reinforcing, because the result makes you want to repeat the feeling. This is an example of __________ reinforcement.
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Reduction of anxiety or tension is __________ reinforcement.
Reduction of anxiety or tension is __________ reinforcement.
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Amphetamine/methamphetamine acts by stimulating dopamine terminals to release more dopamine into the __________.
Amphetamine/methamphetamine acts by stimulating dopamine terminals to release more dopamine into the __________.
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Nicotine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine act by stimulating dopamine neurons to fire more action potentials and therefore release more __________.
Nicotine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine act by stimulating dopamine neurons to fire more action potentials and therefore release more __________.
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Family influences on eating disorders include typical family traits and characteristics of ______ of eating disordered girls.
Family influences on eating disorders include typical family traits and characteristics of ______ of eating disordered girls.
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Triggers for eating disorders include ______, extreme health focus, teasing about appearance, social or academic transitions, medical illness causing weight loss, attempts to improve athletic performance, and experiences of abuse.
Triggers for eating disorders include ______, extreme health focus, teasing about appearance, social or academic transitions, medical illness causing weight loss, attempts to improve athletic performance, and experiences of abuse.
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Genetic influences suggest that eating disorders run in ______, with relatives of patients being 4-5 times more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
Genetic influences suggest that eating disorders run in ______, with relatives of patients being 4-5 times more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
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Eating disorders usually start in ______, with normative weight/shape concerns developing at a young age and interacting with social ideals.
Eating disorders usually start in ______, with normative weight/shape concerns developing at a young age and interacting with social ideals.
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Basal Ganglia, including the Caudate nucleus and putamen, are important for action selection and motor control, and are highly ______.
Basal Ganglia, including the Caudate nucleus and putamen, are important for action selection and motor control, and are highly ______.
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Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum is heavily implicated in reward processing, showing greater activation in ______ when engaging in tasks with peers, making activities more rewarding.
Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum is heavily implicated in reward processing, showing greater activation in ______ when engaging in tasks with peers, making activities more rewarding.
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A new hypothesis for ______ suggests that individuals learn dieting behaviors in adolescence and that these behaviors become ingrained habits associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum.
A new hypothesis for ______ suggests that individuals learn dieting behaviors in adolescence and that these behaviors become ingrained habits associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum.
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Drug treatments for eating disorders include low dose antipsychotic medication for anorexia and ______, such as Prozac, and cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia.
Drug treatments for eating disorders include low dose antipsychotic medication for anorexia and ______, such as Prozac, and cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia.
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Adolescence is the period of most susceptibility to ______ across the lifespan.
Adolescence is the period of most susceptibility to ______ across the lifespan.
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Ventral striatum is associated with rewards and early stages of learning, while ______ is associated with learning habits and skills.
Ventral striatum is associated with rewards and early stages of learning, while ______ is associated with learning habits and skills.
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Individuals with autism show MORE synapses than healthy controls, showing there is more than one way to disrupt synaptic ______
Individuals with autism show MORE synapses than healthy controls, showing there is more than one way to disrupt synaptic ______
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In a study of children with Autism (age 7-13 years), it was found that the patients had HIGHER ______, and the higher connectivity was associated with greater social deficits
In a study of children with Autism (age 7-13 years), it was found that the patients had HIGHER ______, and the higher connectivity was associated with greater social deficits
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Children with Autism can’t or will not imitate: this has major consequences for learning ______
Children with Autism can’t or will not imitate: this has major consequences for learning ______
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Neuroleptics are used to treat stereotypies, aggression and self injurious ______
Neuroleptics are used to treat stereotypies, aggression and self injurious ______
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Anecdotal evidence is observation, not scientific analysis, and is usually casual or non-scientific observers, and can seem very compelling to the person it happened to in the absence of other ______
Anecdotal evidence is observation, not scientific analysis, and is usually casual or non-scientific observers, and can seem very compelling to the person it happened to in the absence of other ______
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Anorexia nervosa treatment aims to get BMI to 17-18%, which may need to be done in hospital (inpatient) if anorexia is severe enough e.g. through feeding tube
Anorexia nervosa treatment aims to get BMI to 17-18%, which may need to be done in hospital (inpatient) if anorexia is severe enough e.g. through feeding tube
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Treatment goals for anorexia nervosa include ______ and targeting dysfunctional attitudes such as anxiety/distortions about body shape and image, and thinness equaling worth
Treatment goals for anorexia nervosa include ______ and targeting dysfunctional attitudes such as anxiety/distortions about body shape and image, and thinness equaling worth
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Several effective ______ for binge-eating disorder (BED) include CBT for bulimia adapted to BED, IPT for BED, and self-help based on effective treatment
Several effective ______ for binge-eating disorder (BED) include CBT for bulimia adapted to BED, IPT for BED, and self-help based on effective treatment
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Conception is the period of instantiation of genetic liability, where the relevance of affected genes may change throughout lifespan and genes may interact with normal and disrupted developmental processes
Conception is the period of instantiation of genetic liability, where the relevance of affected genes may change throughout lifespan and genes may interact with normal and disrupted developmental processes
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______ is an example of a purely genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra twenty-first chromosome, correlated with maternal age, and characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and often physical abnormalities
______ is an example of a purely genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra twenty-first chromosome, correlated with maternal age, and characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and often physical abnormalities
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Synaptogenesis is a rapid period of synapse formation which contributes to the growth of ______ matter in the brain.
Synaptogenesis is a rapid period of synapse formation which contributes to the growth of ______ matter in the brain.
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The effects of experience on the brain are evident from a study on rats raised in different environments, showing that environmental factors impact brain ______.
The effects of experience on the brain are evident from a study on rats raised in different environments, showing that environmental factors impact brain ______.
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ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with function or ______, with specific criteria for diagnosis.
ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with function or ______, with specific criteria for diagnosis.
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The prevalence of ADHD is 5% among school-aged children, with onset typically at age 3 or 4 and a higher prevalence in boys compared to ______.
The prevalence of ADHD is 5% among school-aged children, with onset typically at age 3 or 4 and a higher prevalence in boys compared to ______.
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Brain maturation across childhood occurs at different times in different brain regions, leading to varying periods of vulnerability and ______.
Brain maturation across childhood occurs at different times in different brain regions, leading to varying periods of vulnerability and ______.
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What is the percentage of girls with ADHD who may not be diagnosed due to being less over-active, but still experience problems as adults?
What is the percentage of girls with ADHD who may not be diagnosed due to being less over-active, but still experience problems as adults?
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What percentage of children with ADHD have oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
What percentage of children with ADHD have oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
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What type of medication is Ritalin (Methylphenidate)?
What type of medication is Ritalin (Methylphenidate)?
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What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) characterized by?
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) characterized by?
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What does the DSM-V specify about autism?
What does the DSM-V specify about autism?
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What is the primary reason why the vaccine hypothesis for autism became so appealing to many parents?
What is the primary reason why the vaccine hypothesis for autism became so appealing to many parents?
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What is the primary difference between anecdotal evidence and scientific evidence?
What is the primary difference between anecdotal evidence and scientific evidence?
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Why is the use of neuroleptics, specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and oxytocin mentioned in the context of autism treatment?
Why is the use of neuroleptics, specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and oxytocin mentioned in the context of autism treatment?
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What is the primary focus of psychosocial treatment for autism spectrum disorder, as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary focus of psychosocial treatment for autism spectrum disorder, as mentioned in the text?
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In the context of synaptic pruning in autism, what was found in individuals with autism compared to healthy controls?
In the context of synaptic pruning in autism, what was found in individuals with autism compared to healthy controls?
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During which period does synaptogenesis contribute to the growth of grey matter in the brain?
During which period does synaptogenesis contribute to the growth of grey matter in the brain?
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What plays a vital role in the development of synapses, with the selection of which synapses are strengthened and eliminated largely due to the environment?
What plays a vital role in the development of synapses, with the selection of which synapses are strengthened and eliminated largely due to the environment?
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What is a characteristic of critical periods in brain development?
What is a characteristic of critical periods in brain development?
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What is a characteristic feature of ADHD?
What is a characteristic feature of ADHD?
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What is the prevalence of ADHD among school-aged children?
What is the prevalence of ADHD among school-aged children?
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Which treatment is most effective for 'early responders' in the context of binge-eating disorder (BED)?
Which treatment is most effective for 'early responders' in the context of binge-eating disorder (BED)?
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What is the primary cause of Down Syndrome?
What is the primary cause of Down Syndrome?
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What is the characteristic cognitive change in individuals with Down Syndrome?
What is the characteristic cognitive change in individuals with Down Syndrome?
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What is the primary effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the developing fetus?
What is the primary effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the developing fetus?
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Which period of neurodevelopment is associated with risks related to pregnancy and maternal factors?
Which period of neurodevelopment is associated with risks related to pregnancy and maternal factors?
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Which of the following is a treatment goal for anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following is a treatment goal for anorexia nervosa?
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What is a characteristic of Down Syndrome as mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic of Down Syndrome as mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary effect of alcohol on early development, according to the text?
What is the primary effect of alcohol on early development, according to the text?
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What is the impact of caffeine on adenosine receptors in the central nervous system?
What is the impact of caffeine on adenosine receptors in the central nervous system?
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What are the cognitive changes associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FAS), as mentioned in the text?
What are the cognitive changes associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FAS), as mentioned in the text?
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What is the reported prevalence of anorexia nervosa?
What is the reported prevalence of anorexia nervosa?
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What is the primary age of onset for anorexia nervosa?
What is the primary age of onset for anorexia nervosa?
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What is a common medical complication associated with anorexia nervosa?
What is a common medical complication associated with anorexia nervosa?
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What is the reported prevalence of bulimia nervosa?
What is the reported prevalence of bulimia nervosa?
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What are the primary characteristics shared by both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
What are the primary characteristics shared by both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
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What is the primary characteristic of binge eating disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of binge eating disorder?
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What is the primary cause of Lissencephaly as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary cause of Lissencephaly as mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary cognitive change associated with Down Syndrome?
What is the primary cognitive change associated with Down Syndrome?
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What is the primary neural change associated with Down Syndrome?
What is the primary neural change associated with Down Syndrome?
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What is the primary effect of alcohol consumption during early development on the developing fetus?
What is the primary effect of alcohol consumption during early development on the developing fetus?
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What is the primary cognitive change associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FAS) as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary cognitive change associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FAS) as mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary physiological change associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FAS) as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary physiological change associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FAS) as mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary psychological dimension of eating disorders mentioned in the text?
What is the primary psychological dimension of eating disorders mentioned in the text?
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Which brain region is heavily implicated in reward processing and shows greater activation in adolescents during rewarding tasks with peers?
Which brain region is heavily implicated in reward processing and shows greater activation in adolescents during rewarding tasks with peers?
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What is a common trigger for eating disorders mentioned in the text?
What is a common trigger for eating disorders mentioned in the text?
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Study Notes
Substance Use and Psychopharmacology Overview
- Rapid consumption of 1200 mg of a substance could lead to negative effects like seizures
- Lethal dose of the substance is about 10 grams
- Barbiturates bind to GABA-A receptor and may be glutamate antagonist, leading to death in overdose and possible bad drug interactions
- Benzodiazepines bind to GABA-A receptor, with less overdose risk than barbiturates, and are now more common
- Alcohol is primarily recreational rather than medicinal, easily absorbed from the GI tract, and metabolized in the stomach and liver
- Genetics play a role in alcohol metabolism, with different alleles affecting alcohol sensitivity and risk of alcoholism
- Alcohol is a general CNS depressant and not a stimulant, affecting GABA and NMDA receptors
- Alcohol withdrawal can lead to severe symptoms such as delirium tremens, extreme anxiety, and panic attacks
- Cannabinoids are used more widely than all other classes of illicit drugs combined
- Cannabis can be consumed through various routes, with psychoactive effects and potential side effects
- Withdrawal from marijuana can lead to symptoms such as irritability, depressed mood, and lack of appetite
- Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, work on the body's own opioid system and can lead to euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing
Substance Use and Psychopharmacology Overview
- Rapid consumption of 1200 mg of a substance could lead to negative effects like seizures
- Lethal dose of the substance is about 10 grams
- Barbiturates bind to GABA-A receptor and may be glutamate antagonist, leading to death in overdose and possible bad drug interactions
- Benzodiazepines bind to GABA-A receptor, with less overdose risk than barbiturates, and are now more common
- Alcohol is primarily recreational rather than medicinal, easily absorbed from the GI tract, and metabolized in the stomach and liver
- Genetics play a role in alcohol metabolism, with different alleles affecting alcohol sensitivity and risk of alcoholism
- Alcohol is a general CNS depressant and not a stimulant, affecting GABA and NMDA receptors
- Alcohol withdrawal can lead to severe symptoms such as delirium tremens, extreme anxiety, and panic attacks
- Cannabinoids are used more widely than all other classes of illicit drugs combined
- Cannabis can be consumed through various routes, with psychoactive effects and potential side effects
- Withdrawal from marijuana can lead to symptoms such as irritability, depressed mood, and lack of appetite
- Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, work on the body's own opioid system and can lead to euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing
Eating Disorders: Key Points
- Social media discussion of food/health is both negative and positive, providing potential for promoting positive dietary behavior.
- Family influences on eating disorders include typical family traits and characteristics of mothers of eating disordered girls.
- Psychological dimensions of eating disorders include low sense of personal control, low self-confidence, perfectionistic attitudes, preoccupation with food and appearance, and distorted body image.
- Triggers for eating disorders include puberty onset, extreme health focus, teasing about appearance, social or academic transitions, medical illness causing weight loss, attempts to improve athletic performance, and experiences of abuse.
- Genetic influences suggest that eating disorders run in families, with relatives of patients being 4-5 times more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
- Eating disorders usually start in adolescence, with normative weight/shape concerns developing at a young age and interacting with social ideals.
- Adolescence is the period of most susceptibility to peer influence across the lifespan.
- Basal Ganglia, including the Caudate nucleus and putamen, are important for action selection and motor control, and are highly dopaminergic.
- Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum is heavily implicated in reward processing, showing greater activation in adolescents when engaging in tasks with peers, making activities more rewarding.
- Ventral striatum is associated with rewards and early stages of learning, while dorsal striatum is associated with learning habits and skills.
- A new hypothesis for anorexia suggests that individuals learn dieting behaviors in adolescence and that these behaviors become ingrained habits associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum.
- Drug treatments for eating disorders include low dose antipsychotic medication for anorexia and antidepressants, such as Prozac, and cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia.
ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical and Biological Insights
- Girls with ADHD may be less over-active and may not be diagnosed, but around 50% experience problems as adults
- ADHD is highly comorbid, with 80% of children having oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and 90% of adults having mood disorders
- ADHD is associated with neural changes in brain structure and function, including smaller brain volume and altered development in frontal cortex and basal ganglia
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is a commonly used ADHD medication that inhibits monoamine reuptake and affects dopamine transporter and receptor genes
- Stimulant medications like Ritalin are effective for 70% of ADHD patients, but may have side effects like anxiety and sleeplessness
- Behavioral treatments for ADHD include reinforcement programs, parent training, and social skills training to improve behavior and self-esteem
- Combined treatments, especially for cases with comorbid problems, are recommended for ADHD
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior
- The DSM-V specifies three levels of autism to include more spectrum-based approaches, each with varying degrees of support required
- ASD presentation is highly variable, with some individuals having very limited social interactions and others being high functioning
- Genetic factors, gene-environment interactions, and prenatal/perinatal factors contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD
- Known genetic mutations, polygenetic heritability, and prenatal/perinatal factors are associated with ASD, while vaccines are not a causative factor
Neurodevelopment and Development Disorders
- The basic structure of the brain is laid out during prenatal development and is similar to that of an adult in most major structural ways.
- However, it takes years of fine-tuning before the brain functions like an adult and has adult-like microstructure.
- Synaptogenesis is a rapid period of synapse formation which contributes to the growth of grey matter in the brain.
- Synaptic production and pruning correspond with overall brain activity, with young children's brains working harder and less efficiently than adults'.
- Synapse rearrangement occurs as active synapses likely take up neurotrophic factor to maintain stability, while inactive synapses get too little neurotrophic factor to remain stable.
- Even during infancy, resting state brain networks similar to those observed in adults are detectable, and the development of these networks follows certain principles.
- Plasticity plays a vital role in the development of synapses, with the selection of which synapses are strengthened and eliminated largely due to the environment.
- The effects of experience on the brain are evident from a study on rats raised in different environments, showing that environmental factors impact brain development.
- Brain maturation across childhood occurs at different times in different brain regions, leading to varying periods of vulnerability and resilience.
- Critical and sensitive periods in brain development have distinct characteristics, with critical periods being abruptly defined and sensitive periods gradually defined.
- ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with function or development, with specific criteria for diagnosis.
- The prevalence of ADHD is 5% among school-aged children, with onset typically at age 3 or 4 and a higher prevalence in boys compared to girls.
Understanding Eating Disorders and Treatment Approaches
- Social media content on food/health includes both positive and negative discussions, which can potentially promote positive dietary behavior.
- Family influences on eating disorders include specific characteristics of mothers of affected girls and the impact of family dynamics.
- Psychological dimensions of eating disorders encompass factors such as low self-confidence, perfectionistic attitudes, and distorted body image.
- Triggers for eating disorders range from puberty onset to medical illness causing weight loss and attempts to improve athletic performance.
- Genetic influences are evident in the familial tendency for eating disorders, with relatives of patients being 4-5 times more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
- Developmental considerations highlight the onset of eating disorders in adolescence and the influence of social ideals on body image concerns.
- Adolescence is a period of high susceptibility to peer influence, affecting reward processing in the brain's ventral striatum.
- The basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus and putamen, are crucial for action selection and motor control, with implications for disorders like schizophrenia and substance abuse.
- The nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum is heavily implicated in reward processing and shows greater activation in adolescents during rewarding tasks with peers.
- The ventral striatum is associated with early stages of learning and reinforcement, while the dorsal striatum is linked to habit and skill learning.
- A new hypothesis suggests that individuals with anorexia learn dieting behavior in adolescence, leading to ingrained habits associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum.
- Treatment approaches for eating disorders include cognitive-behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia, while anorexia may require weight restoration and psychological interventions.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of substance use disorders with this quiz on pharmacokinetics. Learn about the routes of administration, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. This quiz covers topics such as intravenous and intraperitoneal injection methods.