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Questions and Answers
The most important consequence of drug metabolism is the promotion of renal drug excretion.
True
Prodrugs are compounds that are metabolized into inactive substances.
False
The half-life of a drug is affected by factors such as metabolism and elimination.
True
A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit.
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Loading dose refers to a large initial dose of drug administration.
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Which organ is most important for drug excretion?
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What is the purpose of a loading dose?
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What is the first step in renal drug excretion?
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What is the purpose of prodrugs?
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What is the half-life of a drug?
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Which of the following is NOT a non-renal route of drug excretion?
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What is the purpose of the first pass effect?
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Which of the following is true about prodrugs?
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What is the purpose of a loading dose?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in renal drug excretion?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Match the routes of drug administration with their descriptions:
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Match the methods of drug administration with their associated areas of the body:
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Match the following drug absorption processes with their descriptions:
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Match the following drug administration routes with their definitions:
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Match the following factors with their influence on drug distribution:
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Match the following drug-related terminologies with their definitions:
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Match the following steps in renal drug excretion with their descriptions:
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Match the following factors influencing drug metabolism with their descriptions:
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Match the following non-renal routes of drug excretion with their definitions:
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Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug ______ throughout the body.
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Absorption refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and ______.
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Both the oral inhalation and nasal routes of administration provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and ______ epithelium.
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Passive diffusion does not involve a ______, is not saturable, and shows low structural specificity.
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Facilitated diffusion relies on a ______ protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Drugs that are highly ______-soluble are more likely to pass through the blood–brain barrier and reach the CNS.
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During the first pass effect, a drug is absorbed from the GI tract and enters the ______ circulation before entering the systemic circulation.
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Prodrugs are often designed to improve drug ______; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve pharmacokinetics, decrease toxicity, or target a specific site of action.
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By knowing the half-life, the time it takes for a drug to reach a steady state (plateau drug level) can be ______.
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Steps in renal drug excretion include glomerular filtration, passive reabsorption, and active ______.
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Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the ______
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Routes of drug administration include oral, rectal, mucous membranes, skin, lung, and ______
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The blood-brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the ______
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_______ is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration.
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_______ transport requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient.
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The blood–brain barrier is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things (e.g., foreign invaders, poisons) away from the ______.
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Prodrugs are often designed to improve drug ______; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve pharmacokinetics, decrease toxicity, or target a specific site of action.
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A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit. This takes about ______ half-lives, if the size of all doses is the same. For example, digoxin—which has a half-life of 36 hours with normal renal function—takes approximately 6 days to reach a steady state concentration.
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By giving large dose, that is significantly higher than maintenance dosing, therapeutic effects can be obtained while a steady state is reached. After the ______, maintenance dosing is begun; this is the dose needed to maintain drug concentration at steady state when given repeatedly at a consistent dose and constant dosing interval.
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Steps in Renal Drug Excretion 1. Glomerular Filtration - Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine Protein-bound drugs are not filtered 2. Passive Reabsorption - Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood Polar and ionized drugs remain in the urine 3. Active transport - Tubular “pumps” for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine Non Renal Routes of Excretion Breast Milk Bile Lungs Sweat ad Saliva.
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Which of the following is NOT a route of drug administration?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing drug distribution?
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What is the most important consequence of drug metabolism?
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Which of the following routes of drug administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin?
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Which of the following processes involves the movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration?
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Which of the following is true about the blood-brain barrier?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for drug excretion?
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What is the purpose of a prodrug?
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Which step in renal drug excretion involves the movement of lipid-soluble drugs back into the blood?
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What is the purpose of a loading dose?
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______ is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance
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______ is a large initial dose of drug administration
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______ is defined as the removal of drugs from the body
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The most important organ for drug excretion is the ______
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______ moves drugs from blood to urine
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______ - Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood
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______ - Tubular 'pumps' for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine
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______ include Breast Milk, Bile, Lungs, Sweat, and Saliva
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The most important consequence of drug metabolism is the promotion of ______
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Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the ______
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Drugs can be absorbed from many different areas in the ______
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Routes of Drug ______ include oral, rectal, mucous membranes, skin, lung, and others
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Both the oral inhalation and nasal routes of administration provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of ______ membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium
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The blood-brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the central ______ system (CNS)
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When local, rapid effects are needed, it is necessary to introduce drugs directly into the ______ fluid
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Steps in Renal Drug Excretion 1. Glomerular Filtration - Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine Protein-bound drugs are not ______
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By knowing the half-life, the time it takes for a drug to reach a steady state (plateau drug level) can be ______
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Topical application is used when a local effect of the drug is desired. Routes of Drug Administration - Others Transdermal. This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal ______. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the skin at the site of application, as well as the lipid solubility of the drug.
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It is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. Drugs can be absorbed into cells through various processes, which include passive diffusion, active transport, and filtration.
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The driving force for passive ______ of a drug is the concentration gradient across a membrane separating two body compartments. In other words, the drug moves from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration. Passive ______ does not involve a carrier, is not saturable, and shows low structural specificity.
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Facilitated diffusion relies on a ______ protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane.
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Active ______ requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required for active absorption. Driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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______ is a process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.
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This type of absorption is used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane. ______ involves engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by pinching off the drug-filled vesicle.
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The amount of drug that reaches in the bloodstream. ______ of IV is 100% whereas Orally administrative drugs is always less than 100%. ______ is determined by comparing plasma levels of a drug after a particular route of administration (for example, oral administration) with levels achieved by IV administration.
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