Pharmacokinetics Quiz

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The most important consequence of drug metabolism is the promotion of renal drug excretion.

True

Prodrugs are compounds that are metabolized into inactive substances.

False

The half-life of a drug is affected by factors such as metabolism and elimination.

True

A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit.

True Signup and view all the answers

Loading dose refers to a large initial dose of drug administration.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is most important for drug excretion?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a loading dose?

To improve drug bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in renal drug excretion?

Glomerular filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of prodrugs?

To improve drug bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of a drug?

The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a non-renal route of drug excretion?

Saliva Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the first pass effect?

To increase drug bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about prodrugs?

They are compounds that are metabolized into active pharmacologic substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a loading dose?

To obtain therapeutic effects while a steady state is reached Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in renal drug excretion?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Pharmacokinetics = Study of drug movement throughout the body Absorption = What happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues Routes of Administration = The path by which a drug is taken into the body Intrathecal/intraventricular = Introduction of drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid when local, rapid effects are needed Signup and view all the answers

Match the routes of drug administration with their descriptions:

Oral (Enteric Coated and Extended Release) = Enteral route of administration IV, IM, SC, ID = Parenteral routes of administration Oral/Nasal Inhalations = Rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium Rectal = Drug absorption through the gi tract Signup and view all the answers

Match the methods of drug administration with their associated areas of the body:

Oral or Rectal = Through the gi tract Through mucous membranes = Oral inhalation and nasal preparation Through the skin = Topical Through muscle or subcutaneous tissues = IV, IM, SC, ID Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug absorption processes with their descriptions:

Passive Diffusion = The drug moves from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration without the use of a carrier Facilitated Diffusion = Relies on a carrier protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Active Transport = Requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient Endocytosis = Used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane by engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug administration routes with their definitions:

Topical = Used when a local effect of the drug is desired Transdermal = Achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch IV = Route where bioavailability is 100% Oral = Route where bioavailability is always less than 100% Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their influence on drug distribution:

Vascular permeability = Influences the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues Regional blood flow and pH = Affects the rate at which drugs reach their target tissues Tissue perfusion = Determines how quickly drugs are distributed to different body parts Protein Binding = The more a drug is bound to the protein, the more difficult it can be for the medication to be released and able to cross membranes to get to the tissue cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug-related terminologies with their definitions:

First Pass Effect = When a drug is absorbed from the GI tract, it enters the portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation Half-Life = The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half Steady State = Occurs when the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being eliminated Loading Dose = Large initial dose of drug administration Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps in renal drug excretion with their descriptions:

Glomerular Filtration = Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine Passive Reabsorption = Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood Active transport = Tubular “pumps” for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors influencing drug metabolism with their descriptions:

Age = Can affect the induction and inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes Nutritional Status = Can affect the first pass effect and competition between drugs First Pass Effect = When a drug is rapidly metabolized in the liver or gut wall during the initial passage Signup and view all the answers

Match the following non-renal routes of drug excretion with their definitions:

Breast Milk = One of the ways drugs and their metabolites can exit the body Bile = Another route through which drugs can be excreted from the body Lungs = Can expel drugs via expired air Sweat and Saliva = Additional routes of drug excretion Signup and view all the answers

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug ______ throughout the body.

movement Signup and view all the answers

Absorption refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and ______.

tissues Signup and view all the answers

Both the oral inhalation and nasal routes of administration provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and ______ epithelium.

pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

Passive diffusion does not involve a ______, is not saturable, and shows low structural specificity.

carrier Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion relies on a ______ protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

carrier Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that are highly ______-soluble are more likely to pass through the blood–brain barrier and reach the CNS.

lipid Signup and view all the answers

During the first pass effect, a drug is absorbed from the GI tract and enters the ______ circulation before entering the systemic circulation.

portal Signup and view all the answers

Prodrugs are often designed to improve drug ______; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve pharmacokinetics, decrease toxicity, or target a specific site of action.

bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

By knowing the half-life, the time it takes for a drug to reach a steady state (plateau drug level) can be ______.

determined Signup and view all the answers

Steps in renal drug excretion include glomerular filtration, passive reabsorption, and active ______.

transport Signup and view all the answers

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the ______

body Signup and view all the answers

Routes of drug administration include oral, rectal, mucous membranes, skin, lung, and ______

muscle or subcutaneous tissues Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the ______

central nervous system (CNS) Signup and view all the answers

_______ is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration.

Drug Absorption Signup and view all the answers

_______ transport requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient.

Active Signup and view all the answers

The blood–brain barrier is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things (e.g., foreign invaders, poisons) away from the ______.

CNS Signup and view all the answers

Prodrugs are often designed to improve drug ______; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve pharmacokinetics, decrease toxicity, or target a specific site of action.

bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit. This takes about ______ half-lives, if the size of all doses is the same. For example, digoxin—which has a half-life of 36 hours with normal renal function—takes approximately 6 days to reach a steady state concentration.

four Signup and view all the answers

By giving large dose, that is significantly higher than maintenance dosing, therapeutic effects can be obtained while a steady state is reached. After the ______, maintenance dosing is begun; this is the dose needed to maintain drug concentration at steady state when given repeatedly at a consistent dose and constant dosing interval.

loading dose Signup and view all the answers

Steps in Renal Drug Excretion 1. Glomerular Filtration - Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine Protein-bound drugs are not filtered 2. Passive Reabsorption - Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood Polar and ionized drugs remain in the urine 3. Active transport - Tubular “pumps” for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine Non Renal Routes of Excretion Breast Milk Bile Lungs Sweat ad Saliva.

excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a route of drug administration?

Intrathecal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing drug distribution?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important consequence of drug metabolism?

Promotion of renal drug excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes of drug administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin?

Transdermal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the blood-brain barrier?

Highly lipid-soluble drugs are more likely to pass through to the CNS Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for drug excretion?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prodrug?

To target a specific site of action Signup and view all the answers

Which step in renal drug excretion involves the movement of lipid-soluble drugs back into the blood?

Passive Reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a loading dose?

To obtain therapeutic effects while reaching a steady state Signup and view all the answers

______ is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance

Prodrug Signup and view all the answers

______ is a large initial dose of drug administration

Loading Dose Signup and view all the answers

______ is defined as the removal of drugs from the body

Drug Excretion Signup and view all the answers

The most important organ for drug excretion is the ______

kidney Signup and view all the answers

______ moves drugs from blood to urine

Glomerular Filtration Signup and view all the answers

______ - Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood

Passive Reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

______ - Tubular 'pumps' for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

______ include Breast Milk, Bile, Lungs, Sweat, and Saliva

Non Renal Routes of Excretion Signup and view all the answers

The most important consequence of drug metabolism is the promotion of ______

renal drug excretion Signup and view all the answers

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the ______

body Signup and view all the answers

Drugs can be absorbed from many different areas in the ______

body Signup and view all the answers

Routes of Drug ______ include oral, rectal, mucous membranes, skin, lung, and others

Administration Signup and view all the answers

Both the oral inhalation and nasal routes of administration provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of ______ membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium

mucous Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the central ______ system (CNS)

nervous Signup and view all the answers

When local, rapid effects are needed, it is necessary to introduce drugs directly into the ______ fluid

cerebrospinal Signup and view all the answers

Steps in Renal Drug Excretion 1. Glomerular Filtration - Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine Protein-bound drugs are not ______

filtered Signup and view all the answers

By knowing the half-life, the time it takes for a drug to reach a steady state (plateau drug level) can be ______

determined Signup and view all the answers

Topical application is used when a local effect of the drug is desired. Routes of Drug Administration - Others Transdermal. This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal ______. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the skin at the site of application, as well as the lipid solubility of the drug.

patch Signup and view all the answers

It is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. Drugs can be absorbed into cells through various processes, which include passive diffusion, active transport, and filtration.

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

The driving force for passive of a drug is the concentration gradient across a membrane separating two body compartments. In other words, the drug moves from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration. Passive does not involve a carrier, is not saturable, and shows low structural specificity.

diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Facilitated diffusion relies on a ______ protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane.

carrier Signup and view all the answers

Active ______ requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required for active absorption. Driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

transport Signup and view all the answers

______ is a process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.

Pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

This type of absorption is used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane. ______ involves engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by pinching off the drug-filled vesicle.

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

The amount of drug that reaches in the bloodstream. of IV is 100% whereas Orally administrative drugs is always less than 100%. is determined by comparing plasma levels of a drug after a particular route of administration (for example, oral administration) with levels achieved by IV administration.

Bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

Pharmacokinetics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

The most important consequence of drug metabolism is the promotion of renal drug excretion.

Prodrugs are compounds that are metabolized into inactive substances.

The half-life of a drug is affected by factors such as metabolism and elimination.

A steady state of drug concentration is necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit.

Loading dose refers to a large initial dose of drug administration.

Which organ is most important for drug excretion?

What is the purpose of a loading dose?

What is the first step in renal drug excretion?

What is the purpose of prodrugs?

What is the half-life of a drug?

Which of the following is NOT a non-renal route of drug excretion?

What is the purpose of the first pass effect?

Which of the following is true about prodrugs?

What is the purpose of a loading dose?

Which of the following is NOT a step in renal drug excretion?

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Match the routes of drug administration with their descriptions:

Match the methods of drug administration with their associated areas of the body:

Match the following drug absorption processes with their descriptions:

Match the following drug administration routes with their definitions:

Match the following factors with their influence on drug distribution:

Match the following drug-related terminologies with their definitions:

Match the following steps in renal drug excretion with their descriptions:

Match the following factors influencing drug metabolism with their descriptions:

Match the following non-renal routes of drug excretion with their definitions:

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug ______ throughout the body.

Absorption refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and ______.

Both the oral inhalation and nasal routes of administration provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and ______ epithelium.

Passive diffusion does not involve a ______, is not saturable, and shows low structural specificity.

Facilitated diffusion relies on a ______ protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Drugs that are highly ______-soluble are more likely to pass through the blood–brain barrier and reach the CNS.

During the first pass effect, a drug is absorbed from the GI tract and enters the ______ circulation before entering the systemic circulation.

Prodrugs are often designed to improve drug ______; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve pharmacokinetics, decrease toxicity, or target a specific site of action.

By knowing the half-life, the time it takes for a drug to reach a steady state (plateau drug level) can be ______.

Steps in renal drug excretion include glomerular filtration, passive reabsorption, and active ______.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the ______

Routes of drug administration include oral, rectal, mucous membranes, skin, lung, and ______

The blood-brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the ______

_______ is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration.

_______ transport requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient.

The blood–brain barrier is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things (e.g., foreign invaders, poisons) away from the ______.

Prodrugs are often designed to improve drug ______; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug might be used instead to improve pharmacokinetics, decrease toxicity, or target a specific site of action.

Which of the following is NOT a route of drug administration?

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing drug distribution?

What is the most important consequence of drug metabolism?

Which of the following routes of drug administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin?

Which of the following processes involves the movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration?

Which of the following is true about the blood-brain barrier?

Which organ is primarily responsible for drug excretion?

What is the purpose of a prodrug?

Which step in renal drug excretion involves the movement of lipid-soluble drugs back into the blood?

What is the purpose of a loading dose?

______ is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance

______ is a large initial dose of drug administration

______ is defined as the removal of drugs from the body

The most important organ for drug excretion is the ______

______ moves drugs from blood to urine

______ - Lipid-soluble drugs move back into the blood

______ - Tubular 'pumps' for organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine

______ include Breast Milk, Bile, Lungs, Sweat, and Saliva

The most important consequence of drug metabolism is the promotion of ______

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement throughout the ______

Drugs can be absorbed from many different areas in the ______

Routes of Drug ______ include oral, rectal, mucous membranes, skin, lung, and others

Both the oral inhalation and nasal routes of administration provide rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of ______ membranes of the respiratory tract and pulmonary epithelium

The blood-brain barrier typically delays or prevents the absorption of drugs into the central ______ system (CNS)

When local, rapid effects are needed, it is necessary to introduce drugs directly into the ______ fluid

Steps in Renal Drug Excretion 1. Glomerular Filtration - Filtration moves drugs from blood to urine Protein-bound drugs are not ______

By knowing the half-life, the time it takes for a drug to reach a steady state (plateau drug level) can be ______

It is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. Drugs can be absorbed into cells through various processes, which include passive diffusion, active transport, and filtration.

Facilitated diffusion relies on a ______ protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane.

Active ______ requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required for active absorption. Driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

______ is a process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.

This type of absorption is used to transport drugs of exceptionally large size across the cell membrane. ______ involves engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by pinching off the drug-filled vesicle.

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