Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric and Aged Patients
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for exaggerated drug effects in pediatric and aged patients?

  • Increased receptor sensitivity
  • Increased amount of available drug (correct)
  • Increased volume of distribution
  • Decreased post-receptor effects

    • What is the term for the study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body?

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics (correct)
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

    • What is the result of decreased clearance in pediatric and aged patients?

  • Prolonged elimination half-time (correct)
  • Decreased elimination half-time
  • Increased receptor sensitivity
  • Increased post-receptor effects

    • What is the term for the process by which the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased volume of distribution in pediatric and aged patients?

    <p>Cumulative drug effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the effects of drugs on the body's receptors?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased amount of available drug in pediatric and aged patients?

    <p>Exaggerated drug effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body metabolizes drugs?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased receptor sensitivity in pediatric and aged patients?

    <p>Prolonged drug action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body excretes drugs?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of total body water in a premature infant?

    <p>80-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do anesthetics last longer in hypothermic patients?

    <p>Due to decreased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in skeletal muscle mass between infants and adults?

    <p>Infants have a lower percentage of skeletal muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the volume of distribution of water-soluble drugs between neonates and adults?

    <p>Neonates have a larger volume of distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for lowered anesthetic requirements in neonates?

    <p>Immaturity of the CNS and elevated levels of progesterone and beta endorphins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased protein binding in infants on pharmacologic effect?

    <p>Increased plasma levels of unbound and active drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the blood-brain barrier between neonates and adults?

    <p>Neonates have a less effective blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of immature liver and kidneys on pharmacokinetics in neonates?

    <p>Decreased hepatic and renal clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of adult GFR in neonates?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do neonates have a higher sensitivity to the effects of morphine and thiopental?

    <p>Due to decreased protein binding and less effective blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for incomplete glomerular development in children?

    <p>Delayed maturation of the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to conjugation in neonates during the first three weeks of life?

    <p>It increases 30-fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children between 5-15 years old require higher doses of IV drugs for induction of anesthesia?

    <p>Due to increased vessel-rich tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the higher incidence of bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest during induction of inhalation anesthesia in infants and children?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do neonates have a decreased ability to vasoconstrict in response to hemorrhage?

    <p>Due to immature contractile components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased oxygen consumption in infants?

    <p>Increased oxygen demand per unit of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased cardiac output on the equilibration of alveolar to inspired anesthetic partial pressures in infants?

    <p>It speeds up equilibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the faster circulation times in infants for delivering and removing drugs to and from the site of action?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the P450 system in children under 2 years old?

    <p>It is relatively inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the increased alveolar ventilation in infants on the uptake of inhalation anesthetics?

    <p>It increases the uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

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