30 Questions
What is the primary reason for exaggerated drug effects in pediatric and aged patients?
Increased amount of available drug
What is the term for the study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body?
Pharmacodynamics
What is the result of decreased clearance in pediatric and aged patients?
Prolonged elimination half-time
What is the term for the process by which the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the effect of increased volume of distribution in pediatric and aged patients?
Cumulative drug effects
What is the term for the study of the effects of drugs on the body's receptors?
Pharmacodynamics
What is the result of increased amount of available drug in pediatric and aged patients?
Exaggerated drug effects
What is the term for the process by which the body metabolizes drugs?
Metabolism
What is the effect of decreased receptor sensitivity in pediatric and aged patients?
Prolonged drug action
What is the term for the process by which the body excretes drugs?
Excretion
What is the percentage of total body water in a premature infant?
80-90%
Why do anesthetics last longer in hypothermic patients?
Due to decreased metabolic rate
What is the main difference in skeletal muscle mass between infants and adults?
Infants have a lower percentage of skeletal muscle mass
What is the main difference in the volume of distribution of water-soluble drugs between neonates and adults?
Neonates have a larger volume of distribution
What is the main reason for lowered anesthetic requirements in neonates?
Immaturity of the CNS and elevated levels of progesterone and beta endorphins
What is the effect of decreased protein binding in infants on pharmacologic effect?
Increased plasma levels of unbound and active drug
What is the main difference in the blood-brain barrier between neonates and adults?
Neonates have a less effective blood-brain barrier
What is the effect of immature liver and kidneys on pharmacokinetics in neonates?
Decreased hepatic and renal clearance
What is the percentage of adult GFR in neonates?
40%
Why do neonates have a higher sensitivity to the effects of morphine and thiopental?
Due to decreased protein binding and less effective blood-brain barrier
What is the primary reason for incomplete glomerular development in children?
Delayed maturation of the kidneys
What happens to conjugation in neonates during the first three weeks of life?
It increases 30-fold
Why do children between 5-15 years old require higher doses of IV drugs for induction of anesthesia?
Due to increased vessel-rich tissue
What is the reason for the higher incidence of bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest during induction of inhalation anesthesia in infants and children?
All of the above
Why do neonates have a decreased ability to vasoconstrict in response to hemorrhage?
Due to immature contractile components
What is the primary reason for the increased oxygen consumption in infants?
Increased oxygen demand per unit of body weight
What is the effect of increased cardiac output on the equilibration of alveolar to inspired anesthetic partial pressures in infants?
It speeds up equilibration
What is the primary reason for the faster circulation times in infants for delivering and removing drugs to and from the site of action?
Increased cardiac output
What is the characteristic of the P450 system in children under 2 years old?
It is relatively inactive
What is the effect of the increased alveolar ventilation in infants on the uptake of inhalation anesthetics?
It increases the uptake
This quiz covers the effects of drugs on pediatric and aged patients, including exaggerated drug effects, cumulative drug effects, and prolonged elimination half-time. Learn about pharmacokinetics and how it affects the body's response to drugs. Test your knowledge of pharmacology in this short quiz.
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