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Questions and Answers
What is pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the way in which the body handles drugs, including processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
What is absorption and what factors influence the rate of absorption?
Absorption is the process by which a drug must first be absorbed from the site of administration. Factors that influence the rate of absorption include lipid solubility, solubility in water, degree of ionization, molecular size, and chemical structure.
What is bioavailability and what factors does it depend on?
Bioavailability is the fraction of the dose that proceeds unaltered from the administration site and becomes available at the action site. It depends on the rate of absorption, metabolism in the gut wall, and liver metabolism.
What is drug distribution?
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What are the general principles of pharmacodynamics?
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Study Notes
Pharmacokinetics
- Study of the movement of drugs within the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME)
Absorption
- Process by which a drug enters the bloodstream or systemic circulation
- Factors influencing the rate of absorption:
- Solubility of the drug
- Permeability of the drug across cell membranes
- Blood flow to the site of absorption
- pH of the absorption site
- Presence of food or other substances in the GI tract
Bioavailability
- Measure of the fraction of the administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation
- Depends on:
- Extent of absorption
- First-pass metabolism (metabolism by the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation)
- Formation of active metabolites
Drug Distribution
- Process by which a drug is dispersed throughout the body, including the blood and various tissues
- Factors influencing drug distribution:
- Blood flow to different tissues
- Binding of the drug to plasma proteins
- Lipid solubility of the drug
- pH of the surrounding tissues
Pharmacodynamics
- Study of the effects of drugs on the body, including the mechanisms of action and the response to these effects
- General principles:
- Dose-response relationship: the response to a drug is dependent on the dose administered
- Potency: the dose required to produce a given effect
- Efficacy: the maximum response that can be produced by a drug
- Mechanism of action: the way in which a drug produces its effects
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Description
Test your knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with this quiz covering general principles of pharmacology, drug handling by the body, drug action, and the specific pharmacokinetics of ophthalmic drugs.
