1.1 Anderson

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Which type of receptor is associated with the G protein-regulated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs)?

Dopamine D2

Adenosine A1

Muscarinic M2 (correct)

Serotonin

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

Serotonin

Dopamine

Glutamate (correct)

GABA

Which drug increases the sensitivity of the GABAA receptor to endogenous GABA?

Atropine

Norepinephrine

Propofol (correct)

Opioids

Which ion channel is affected by multiple drugs such as droperidol and volatile anesthetics?

Inward rectifying K+ channel Signup and view all the answers

What activates the Gα protein in G protein-coupled receptors?

Ligand binding Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the best measure of renal function?

Glomerular filtration rate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is the largest family of receptors and acts through activation or inhibition of an enzyme, ion channel, or other target?

G protein-coupled Signup and view all the answers

What provides a more useful guideline for determining proper bolus dosing at the time of peak effect?

Volume of distribution at time of peak effect (Vdpe) Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by the wide interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics?

Need for individualizing and titrating dosing Signup and view all the answers

Which measure is dependent on liver blood flow for the clearance of high hepatic extraction ratio drugs?

Liver blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor activation results in influx of chloride and hyperpolarization of the cell?

GABAA receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

Redistribution to the vessel intermediate group Signup and view all the answers

What is efficacy of a drug a function of?

The nature of the drug as a full, partial, or inverse agonist Signup and view all the answers

What does volume of distribution represent?

The dosage divided by the initial plasma concentration of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can result in varying concentration of a basic drug in compartments with different pHs?

Ion trapping Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration bypasses the liver?

Intravenous Signup and view all the answers

What is the most rapid equilibrating tissue for drug distribution?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

What does the volume of distribution (Vd) represent?

Number of liters of blood required to dissolve a dose of drug Signup and view all the answers

What decreases the concentration of plasma proteins and can affect the protein binding of drugs?

Renal failure Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of the majority of drugs?

CYP3A4 Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactions increase the drugs' polarity and prepare it for phase II reactions?

Oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is the hepatic extraction ratio (ER) defined as?

Fraction of drug entering the liver which is removed Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are considered 'flow-limited' in metabolism?

Propofol, lidocaine, sufentanil Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the best measure of renal function?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a part of the 5 millisecond period of synaptic transmission?

Potency Defined by the dose (or concentration) needed to produce a defined effect Signup and view all the answers

In the context of receptor theory, what characterizes an agonist?

Reflects the agonist's ability to activate the receptor Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a noncompetitive antagonist from a competitive antagonist?

Can be overcome by large doses of agonist Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the concept of spare receptors in pharmacology?

Existence of a maximal tissue response in the absence of 100% receptor binding by an agonist Signup and view all the answers

What affects the diffusion of drugs across cell membranes such as the blood-brain barrier and renal tubular epithelium?

pKa (acid dissociation constant) of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'Potency' in concentration-response relationships?

The dose required to produce a given effect Signup and view all the answers

What factor is the most important determinant of metabolic rate according to the text?

Genetic Signup and view all the answers

What does 'ED50' represent in terms of dosage?

Dose required to produce a specific effect in 50% of patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'RESPONSE SURFACE MODELS' according to the text?

Designed to look at the net effect of combining two drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Therapeutic index' defined as according to the text?

Ratio of LD50/ED50 Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacokinetic models, which process involves a rate of change that is constant and a fixed amount of drug removed per unit time?

Zero-order process Signup and view all the answers

What is the average time a molecule of drug spends in the body before being eliminated known as?

Mean residence time (MRT) Signup and view all the answers

Which dosing guideline equation accounts for the target concentration, central compartment volume, clearance from the central compartment, and redistribution between the central and peripheral compartments?

Maintenance infusion rate = CT × V1 × (k10 + k12e−k21t + k13e−k31t) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of patient controlled postoperative sedation using propofol?

An infusion rate is established, and lack of patient demand allows the rate to slowly fall. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of closed-loop infusions in the context of anesthetic purposes?

Drug delivery is controlled by 'output' from the patient. Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

Which type of receptor is associated with the G protein-regulated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs)?

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

Which drug increases the sensitivity of the GABAA receptor to endogenous GABA?

Which ion channel is affected by multiple drugs such as droperidol and volatile anesthetics?

What activates the Gα protein in G protein-coupled receptors?

What is considered the best measure of renal function?

Which type of receptor is the largest family of receptors and acts through activation or inhibition of an enzyme, ion channel, or other target?

What provides a more useful guideline for determining proper bolus dosing at the time of peak effect?

What is emphasized by the wide interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics?

Which measure is dependent on liver blood flow for the clearance of high hepatic extraction ratio drugs?

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Which receptor activation results in influx of chloride and hyperpolarization of the cell?

What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

What is efficacy of a drug a function of?

What does volume of distribution represent?

Which factor can result in varying concentration of a basic drug in compartments with different pHs?

Which route of administration bypasses the liver?

What is the most rapid equilibrating tissue for drug distribution?

What does the volume of distribution (Vd) represent?

What decreases the concentration of plasma proteins and can affect the protein binding of drugs?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of the majority of drugs?

What type of reactions increase the drugs' polarity and prepare it for phase II reactions?

What is the hepatic extraction ratio (ER) defined as?

Which drugs are considered 'flow-limited' in metabolism?

What is considered the best measure of renal function?

Which process is NOT a part of the 5 millisecond period of synaptic transmission?

In the context of receptor theory, what characterizes an agonist?

What distinguishes a noncompetitive antagonist from a competitive antagonist?

What is an example of the concept of spare receptors in pharmacology?

What affects the diffusion of drugs across cell membranes such as the blood-brain barrier and renal tubular epithelium?

Which of the following best describes the term 'Potency' in concentration-response relationships?

What factor is the most important determinant of metabolic rate according to the text?

What does 'ED50' represent in terms of dosage?

What is the primary focus of 'RESPONSE SURFACE MODELS' according to the text?

What is the 'Therapeutic index' defined as according to the text?

In pharmacokinetic models, which process involves a rate of change that is constant and a fixed amount of drug removed per unit time?

What is the average time a molecule of drug spends in the body before being eliminated known as?

Which dosing guideline equation accounts for the target concentration, central compartment volume, clearance from the central compartment, and redistribution between the central and peripheral compartments?

What is the mechanism of patient controlled postoperative sedation using propofol?

What is the primary use of closed-loop infusions in the context of anesthetic purposes?

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