Questions and Answers
Plant tissue culture is a method of asexual propagation that requires non-sterile laboratory conditions.
False
Protoplasm is a jelly-like, transparent substance that comprises various cellular organelles.
True
Isolated parts of plants used in tissue culture are known as explants.
True
In plant tissue culture, the nutrient medium can only be in a liquid form.
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Totipotency refers to a plant cell's ability to differentiate into any type of cell or tissue.
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Micro-propagation benefits include generating large numbers of plants in a short period.
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Plant propagation methods include techniques such as grafting and layering only.
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The final exam in the course is weighted at 45 of the total 150 points.
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Tissue culture is defined as in vivo septic cultivation of isolated plant organ or tissues.
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Cells and tissues in plant tissue culture replace the conductive elements that were originally surrounding them.
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Study Notes
Political Considerations in Drug Production
- Countries may restrict export of crude drugs to protect domestic production, especially regarding active plant constituents.
- Example: Opium poppy cultivation and trade highlight potential governmental control over natural resources.
Patent Rights and Investment
- Naturally occurring plant metabolites cannot be patented; only extraction and isolation methods can be patented.
- Lack of patent protection discourages investment in research and development of non-patentable plant-based drugs.
Advantages of Plant Tissue Culture
- Production can meet market demand continuously and consistently.
- Assures product quality through controlled conditions.
- Complex production methods can be patented, providing competitive advantages.
Tissue Culture Process
- De-differentiation: Mature cells can revert to a meristematic state, forming undifferentiated callus tissue.
- Micropropagation: In vitro propagation results in genetically identical copies of plants.
Micropropagation Methods
- Organogenesis: Meristematic cells in callus develop into shoot buds, leading to leaf and apex formation.
- Somatic Embryogenesis: Non-zygotic embryos originate from somatic cells, capable of developing into complete plants.
Sources and Isolation of Tissue Explants
- Tissue cultures can utilize various plant parts (explant) such as roots, shoot tips, leaves, and embryos.
- In-vitro processes occur in aseptic conditions, ensuring freedom from microorganisms.
Totipotency in Plant Cells
- Totipotency refers to the ability of cells to reach a developmental stage capable of forming a complete new plant.
- Non-totipotent plants struggle with asexual reproduction methods.
Overview of Tissue Culture Benefits
- Generates thousands of clones from a single plant, facilitating commercial propagation.
- Tissue culture helps preserve bioactive compounds, especially from endangered plants.
Goals and Timing of Plant Tissue Culture
- Aims to extract bioactive compounds efficiently, regardless of environmental conditions.
- Suitable for plants that are hard to cultivate, have long growth periods, or produce rare compounds.
Practical Applications in Agriculture
- Tissue culture allows for the production of disease-free plants.
- Aids in preserving valuable plant species facing habitat destruction.
Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture
- Defined as the asexual propagation of plant components (protoplasts, cells, or tissues) under aseptic conditions.
- Emphasizes cell multiplication or regeneration into whole plants.
Definition of Protoplasm
- Protoplasm is the living content of a cell, comprising various organelles in a jelly-like substance.
- Vital for functioning and multiplication of plant cells in culture systems.
Experimentation with Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
- Involves using isolated plant parts (explants) in nutrient mediums to replicate natural conditions for growth and regeneration.
- Nutrient mediums may be solid (agar) or liquid, providing necessary sustenance for tissue growth.
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Description
Explore the complexities of political considerations and patent rights in pharmacognosy. Learn how regulations around the export of plant-based drugs affect research investment, particularly in naturally occurring metabolites. This quiz delves into the implications of patent laws on pharmaceutical development.
