Pharmacognosy I Lecture 3: Drug Preparation
35 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are the two main methods for drying crude drugs?

Natural drying and artificial drying

What is the primary objective of drying crude drugs?

  • To enhance their color.
  • To aid their preservation. (correct)
  • To make them more palatable.
  • To increase their weight.

What is the critical threshold level in drying?

The moisture content below which the drug is considered safe from spoilage by molds and bacteria.

Sun drying is preferable for all types of drugs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of artificial drying over natural drying?

<p>Artificial drying is more controllable and can be done at a specific temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of applying artificial heat for drying drugs?

<p>Refrigeration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drying tunnels are primarily used for drying small quantities of drugs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drying method is considered an extreme form of vacuum drying and uses very low temperatures and high vacuum?

<p>Freeze drying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical drying is a suitable method for drying large quantities of drugs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an 'absolutely dried drug' and an 'air-dry drug'?

<p>An absolutely dried drug is completely free from water. An 'Air-dry drug' has absorbed some moisture from the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary change occurs to the size and weight of drugs during drying?

<p>Contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The color of all drugs becomes darker during drying.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does drying affect the odor of certain drugs?

<p>Drying can either enhance or eliminate the odor of drugs depending on the drug's constituents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main change that occurs in fresh vanilla pods upon drying?

<p>Hydrolysis and oxidation occur, producing vanillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to control the drying process accordingly, based on the required or objectionable changes in the drug?

<p>Controlling the drying process ensures the drug's quality and effectiveness by either promoting or preventing specific chemical changes during drying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main purposes of packing crude drugs?

<p>Packing protects drugs from damage and provides economy of space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common shipping and storage container for crude drugs?

<p>Glass jars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that are easily affected by moisture are generally packed in airtight containers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effect of packing can never alter the appearance of a drug.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that packing can provide an indication of the geographical origin of a drug?

<p>The specific method of packing, or the unique markings left on the drug by the packing process, can reveal the origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The packing of drugs is solely for aesthetic purposes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rain is the only source of sweet water.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the cytoplasm does water constitute?

<p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three temperatures that affect plant growth rates?

<p>Minimum, optimum, and maximum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the response of plants to the relative length of day and night?

<p>Photoperiodism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three broad photoperiodic classes of plants with respect to their flowering behavior?

<p>Short day plants, long day plants, and day neutral plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amount of water that remains in the soil after excess water has drained away is called the ______.

<p>absolute water capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a macro-element?

<p>Iron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen deficiency in plants leads to a condition called chlorosis, resulting in a yellow-colored plant.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone acts by antagonizing GA?

<p>Abscisic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The qualitative and quantitative composition of medicinal plants can change during the growing season.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the ideal time to collect leaves for medicinal purposes?

<p>When the flowers are just beginning to expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these plant parts is typically collected in the autumn or winter?

<p>Storage tissues such as roots, rhizomes, and bulbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhubarb collected in the winter contains no anthraquinones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a general rule for collecting drugs?

<p>Flowers should be collected in full expansion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drying of Crude Drugs

The process of removing excess moisture from crude drugs to preserve their quality.

Sun Drying

The process of drying a plant material by exposing it directly to sunlight.

Artificial Drying

A method of drying drugs using controlled temperatures and humidity.

Direct Fire Drying

Drying that utilizes heat from burning coal or wood to evaporate moisture from the crude drug.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drying with Heated Stones

A drying method where hot stones are used instead of fire to dry drugs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drying Chambers and Tunnels

Drying method using enclosed chambers or tunnels where temperature and humidity are controlled for optimal drying.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pneumatic High Speed Drying

A drying method in which drugs are dried by exposure to high temperatures for a short period under reduced pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Freeze Drying (Lyophilization)

A drying method for sensitive drugs where water is frozen and then sublimated under high vacuum to remove moisture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chemical Drying

A drying method using a dehydrating agent to absorb moisture from the drug at room temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packing of Drugs

The process of placing drugs in containers for protection and transportation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Constituents

The active constituents, or ingredients, of a plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decomposition of Active Principles

The undesirable decomposition or alteration of a plant's active ingredients during drying.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enzymatic Action

Enzymes are within plants that can break down or alter the active ingredients, sometimes during drying.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gelatinization

The process of converting a solid substance into a gelatinous or jelly-like state.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Comminution

The process of grinding or breaking down a solid substance into smaller particles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Critical Threshold Level

The moisture content of a drug that is below the threshold needed for mold and bacteria growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Desiccants

A substance that absorbs water and is used to dry drugs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absolutely Dried Drug

A drug that is completely free of water, often more pure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Air-Dry Drug

A drug where some moisture has been reabsorbed after drying, typically about 8 to 10%.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anthocyanin Pigments

A naturally occurring pigment found in plants that is responsible for red, purple, and blue colors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vanillin

A fragrant chemical compound found in vanilla beans, responsible for their aroma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drying and Odor Change

The process of changing a drug's odor through drying.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drying and Taste Change

The process of changing a drug's taste through drying.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Color Change During Drying

The natural browning that occurs in plants during drying, often due to chlorophyll decomposition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packing and Appearance

The process of flattening and marking leaves due to compression during packing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packing with Pressure

The process of using pressure to compact drugs during packing for efficient storage and transport.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Indication of Geographic Source

The distinct markings or characteristics of a drug that can be used to identify its geographic origin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down sugars in a plant into simpler compounds, often occurring during drying.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxidation

The process of combining a substance with oxygen, often occurring during drying, causing a change in the plant's composition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rain's Role in Plant Growth

The only source of fresh water for plants, essential for various biological processes within the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water's Importance in Plant Cells

The liquid component of plant cells, about 90% of its makeup. It's crucial for many vital functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water's Roles in Plant Processes

Water plays a key role in photosynthesis, chemical reactions, and moving nutrients within the plant. It's like the plant's transport system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water's Role in Nutrient Absorption

Water helps plants absorb minerals from the soil and transport them to different parts of the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water's Role in Temperature Regulation

Water helps regulate the plant's temperature through transpiration, the process of releasing water vapor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Optimum Temperature for Plants

The ideal temperature for optimal plant growth, where the plant grows the fastest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Minimum Temperature for Plants

The lowest temperature a plant can tolerate before growth slows down or stops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maximum Temperature for Plants

The highest temperature a plant can tolerate before growth slows down or stops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thermoperiodicity

The phenomenon where plants grow better with temperature fluctuations than with constant temperatures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Altitude and Temperature

Altitude is the height above sea level and it influences the temperature environment for plants. The higher the altitude, the colder the temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coconut Palm's Climate Preference

A type of palm tree that thrives in coastal areas with a warm, humid climate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sugar Cane's Climate Preference

Sugar cane grows best in low-lying areas with warm temperatures and ample moisture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tea and Coffee's Elevation Requirements

Tea and coffee thrive in areas with moderate temperatures and specific elevations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cinchona's Altitude and Alkaloid Production

Cinchona succirubra grows well at lower elevations but produces less of the active ingredient, alkaloid, at lower elevations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light and Plant Growth

Different plants have varying needs for light intensity and duration for optimal growth. The amount of light and its intensity play a crucial role in plant development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light's Role in Photosynthesis

Sunlight is essential for the process of photosynthesis, which is the process of making food for the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light's Role in Chlorophyll Production

Light is required for the formation of chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants that is essential for photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light Deficiency's Effect on Plants

Insufficient light exposure can lead to abnormal growth patterns and shape in plants. Plants might become spindly or pale.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photoperiodism

The response of a plant to the relative length of day and night, impacting when plants flower. This is a powerful influence on plant development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short Day Plants (Winter Plants)

Plants that flower in the shorter days of winter. The shortened daylight hours trigger flowering.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long Day Plants (Summer Plants)

Plants that require longer days of sunshine to trigger flowering.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Day Neutral Plants

Plants that are not influenced by the length of the day. They flower regardless of the day length.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil Composition

A complex mixture of rock particles, plant roots, microorganisms, decomposed organic matter (humus), water and air.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absolute Water Capacity (AWC)

The amount of water a soil can hold after excess water has drained. It's a measure of the soil's ability to retain moisture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Air Capacity of Soil

The amount of air space within the soil. Sandy soils have high permeability and low AWC, while clay soils have low permeability and high AWC.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humus's Role in Soil

Humus is decomposed plant matter that enriches soil. Soils with high humus content are rich in nutrients and moisture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Manure: Plant Nutrient

A mixture of organic matter like plant remains, animal waste, and urine, used as a soil amendment. It adds nutrients and improves soil structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Benefits of Manure

Manure improves soil structure, reducing water loss and providing nutrients for plant growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Macro-Nutrients for Plants

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Their deficiency can impact plant health significantly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Micro-Nutrients for Plants

Iron, Boron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt, Lead, and Molybdenum are needed in small amounts for plant growth, too much can be poisonous.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Introduction to Drug Preparation

  • Lecture 3 of Pharmacognosy I (PHCG 111) for first-year pharmacy students
  • Presented by Dr. Rafik Mounir Nassif

Preparation of Crude Drugs

  • Cleaning: Underground plant parts are cleaned to remove soil by brushing or washing
  • Garbelling: Extraneous matter, like sand or other plant parts, is removed and the remaining material is graded
  • Bleaching: Some drugs, like white beeswax, are bleached to achieve their desired color

Drying of Crude Drugs

  • Fresh plant parts can be used immediately after collection, or dried for later use
  • Objectives of Drying:
    • Preserve the drug
    • Inactivate enzymes to prevent decomposition of active constituents
    • Prevent microbial growth (bacteria and fungi)
    • Facilitate powdering (comminution) of the drug
    • Reduce size and weight for easier storage and transport
  • Essential drying factors: proper temperature/humidity regulation is crucial

Drying Methods

  • Natural Drying:

    • Shade Drying: Used to maintain natural color as well as preserve sensitive active constituents, used on more delicate plants
    • Sun Drying: Used on plants less sensitive to direct sunlight

  • Artificial Drying:

    • Physical Method: Using elevated temperature, decreased pressure (vacuum), or electromagnetic radiation (infrared/microwave ovens)
    • Chemical Method: Using desiccants (e.g., anhydrous CaCl2, concentrated H2SO4, or silica gel)

  • Advantages of artificial drying:

    • Stops enzymatic action immediately
    • Rapid drying, preserving active ingredients
    • Retains the drug's color

Artificial Drying Methods - Details

  • Direct fire: Drugs are placed on a wire mesh over burning coals or wood. Excessive heat can gelatinize starch or create undesirable odors
  • Heated stones/Stoves: Stones or stoves are used, heated materials, in place of wire. Care is required to prevent damage like scorching
  • Drying sheds or chambers: These have thermostats and thermometers that control the temperature to avoid issues with variable weather
  • Drying tunnels: Used for bulk drying and uses fans and on wheels
  • Drying ovens: Small, electrically heated cabinets maintain specific temperatures and can utilize vacuums
  • Pneumatic high-speed drying: High heat and a vacuum used for a very short time to avoid damage, commonly used for delicate compounds like Digitalis

Freeze Drying (Lyophilization)

  • A specialized vacuum drying technique used for highly sensitive compounds
  • Involves freezing the drug and then subjecting it to a high vacuum to cause sublimation of the ice
  • Used to preserve biological fluids, enzymes, hormones, and extracts (insulin)

Chemical Drying

  • Drugs are placed in a closed container (desiccator) over a desiccant (e.g., anhydrous CaCl2, concentrated H2SO4, or silica gel) to absorb moisture
  • Used for small amounts of drugs, or when storing pure natural products

Changes in Drugs During Drying

  • Size and weight: The drug loses water, resulting in a decrease in size and weight (80-90% in loss)
  • Shape and appearance: Many drugs will shrivel, shrink, or develop wrinkles/reticulated textures
  • Color: Color changes are common, with some becoming darker and others changing color completely. Examples include tea leaves changing from green to dark brown and vanilla changing from yellow to dark brown
  • Odor: Some drugs change their odors during drying, either becoming less objectionable, or taking on new odors. Examples include orris root changing from disagreeable to pleasant and vanilla pods gaining a fragrant, pleasant odor.
  • Taste: Changes in taste during drying commonly occur. Example: Gentian is very bitter fresh and becomes pleasant on drying
  • Constituents: Changes to active ingredients are possible. Examples include fresh vanilla undergoing hydrolysis and oxidation to produce vanillin and alteration of alkaloids in some plants depending on the time of year and time of day

Packing of Drugs

  • Methods for packing: Loose or under pressure
  • Packing preserves drugs and maximizes space usage
  • Commonly used containers: Wooden, paper boxes, and barrels
  • Moisture-sensitive drugs (e.g., Digitalis, Ergot) are stored in moisture-proof containers
  • Effect of packaging on appearance: Indian Senna example shows hydraulic pressure and transverse markings
  • Packing often indicates the source (geographic location -e.g. Aloes, Opium)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Lecture 2: PharmacoGnosy I PHCG 111 PDF
Lecture 3: Pharmacognosy I (PHCG 111) PDF

Description

This quiz covers Lecture 3 of Pharmacognosy I (PHCG 111) for first-year pharmacy students, presented by Dr. Rafik Mounir Nassif. It explores the preparation and drying of crude drugs, including cleaning methods and objectives of drying. Test your knowledge on these essential pharmacognosy concepts.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser