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Questions and Answers
What is the result of boiling the plant with water and filtering in the Borntrager's test?
What is the result of boiling the plant with water and filtering in the Borntrager's test?
- A green solution is obtained
- A white crystalline solid forms
- A rose-red color develops in the aqueous layer (correct)
- A yellow precipitate forms
What is the primary purpose of storing the dried barks of Rhamnus frangula for at least one year?
What is the primary purpose of storing the dried barks of Rhamnus frangula for at least one year?
- To increase the griping and emetic properties
- To improve the texture
- To reduce the griping and emetic properties (correct)
- To enhance the flavor
What is the characteristic of the cork cells in the histological description?
What is the characteristic of the cork cells in the histological description?
- They are thin-walled and flattened (correct)
- They are cube-shaped and contain starch
- They are thick-walled and rectangular
- They are spherical and contain anthraquinone
What is the function of the modified Borntrager's test?
What is the function of the modified Borntrager's test?
What is the result of the microsublimation test for free anthraquinone?
What is the result of the microsublimation test for free anthraquinone?
What is the characteristic of the crystals found in the phloem?
What is the characteristic of the crystals found in the phloem?
What is the characteristic of the sclereids found in the cortex?
What is the characteristic of the sclereids found in the cortex?
What is the family of the plant from which the dried barks are used?
What is the family of the plant from which the dried barks are used?
What is the outermost region of the bark?
What is the outermost region of the bark?
What is the main reason for collecting barks in the spring or early summer?
What is the main reason for collecting barks in the spring or early summer?
What is the function of companion cells in phloem tissue?
What is the function of companion cells in phloem tissue?
What is the term for all tissues outside the cambium?
What is the term for all tissues outside the cambium?
In which season is Wild Cherry bark usually collected?
In which season is Wild Cherry bark usually collected?
What is the middle region of the bark?
What is the middle region of the bark?
What is the function of fibres in phloem tissue?
What is the function of fibres in phloem tissue?
What is the term for the area between the outer bark and phloem?
What is the term for the area between the outer bark and phloem?
What is the main reason for the curvature of barks during drying?
What is the main reason for the curvature of barks during drying?
Why is the felling method of collecting bark considered useless?
Why is the felling method of collecting bark considered useless?
What is the main advantage of the coppicing method of collecting bark?
What is the main advantage of the coppicing method of collecting bark?
What is the family of the Rhamnus purshiana plant?
What is the family of the Rhamnus purshiana plant?
What is the minimum storage period for dried barks of Rhamnus purshiana before use?
What is the minimum storage period for dried barks of Rhamnus purshiana before use?
What is the main active constituent of Cascara?
What is the main active constituent of Cascara?
What is the main use of Cascara in small doses?
What is the main use of Cascara in small doses?
Which of the following is NOT a use of Cascara?
Which of the following is NOT a use of Cascara?
What is the primary di-glucoside of anthraquinone glycosides found in the Cascara bark?
What is the primary di-glucoside of anthraquinone glycosides found in the Cascara bark?
What is the effect of storing the Cascara bark for 1 year on the primary di-glucosides?
What is the effect of storing the Cascara bark for 1 year on the primary di-glucosides?
What is the main use of the Cascara bark in large doses?
What is the main use of the Cascara bark in large doses?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Frangula bark?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Frangula bark?
What is the purpose of using the Cascara bark in parasitic infestation?
What is the purpose of using the Cascara bark in parasitic infestation?
What is the chemical test used to detect combined anthraquinone glycosides?
What is the chemical test used to detect combined anthraquinone glycosides?
What is the characteristic of the cork in the Frangula bark?
What is the characteristic of the cork in the Frangula bark?
What is the main difference between the Cascara bark and the Frangula bark?
What is the main difference between the Cascara bark and the Frangula bark?
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Study Notes
Flower, Leaf, Herb, Fruit, Seed, Bark, Root, Wood
- Flower: N/A
- Leaf: N/A
- Herb: N/A
- Fruit: N/A
- Seed: N/A
- Bark: defined as all tissues outside the cambium, including cork, cortex, and phloem
- Root: N/A
- Wood: N/A
Bark Collection and Preparation
- Bark is usually collected in spring or early summer when the cambium is active
- Wild Cherry bark is collected in autumn when active constituents are at the highest level
- Drying of barks leads to curvature towards the inner side due to the outer side being superized (cork) and the inner side being soft
- Methods of collection of bark:
- Felling: cutting the whole tree from the surface of the soil level and collecting the bark from the branches and trunk
- Uprooting: cutting the tree down at a suitable age and digging up the root to remove the bark from the trunk, branches, and root
- Coppicing: cutting the plant to a short distance from the ground, allowing it to grow for 7-30 years, and then cutting it again to obtain bark from the trunk and branches
Bark Types
- Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana)
- Part used: dried bark
- Active constituents: anthraquinone glycosides (cascarosides), barbaloin, and anthraquinone aglycons (emodine, aloe-emodine, and chrysophanol)
- Uses: laxative, colon cleanser, and bitter stomachic
- Frangula (Rhamnus frangula)
- Part used: dried bark
- Active constituents: anthraquinone glycosides (glucofrangulin), frangulin, and anthraquinone aglycons (frangula-emodine)
- Uses: laxative, colon cleanser, and bitter stomachic
Histological Description
- Cascara bark:
- Cork consists of small, thin-walled, flattened cells with anthraquinone contents that give a purple color with KOH
- Cortex consists of an outer zone of flattened collenchyma and a large zone of parenchyma with cluster of Ca oxalate or starch
- Phloem is traversed by 1-5 seriate medullary rays and contains anthraquinone parenchyma and fibers surrounded by parenchyma cells having prisms of Ca oxalate
- Frangula bark:
- No sclerides present
- Cork with purplish-crimson coloring
Morphological Description
- Cascara bark:
- Lenticels (breathing pores for gas exchange) present
- Epiphytes: lichens, liverworts, and moss
- Frangula bark:
- Lenticels present
- No epiphytes present
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