Pharmacognosy I Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of boiling the plant with water and filtering in the Borntrager's test?

  • A green solution is obtained
  • A white crystalline solid forms
  • A rose-red color develops in the aqueous layer (correct)
  • A yellow precipitate forms
  • What is the primary purpose of storing the dried barks of Rhamnus frangula for at least one year?

  • To increase the griping and emetic properties
  • To improve the texture
  • To reduce the griping and emetic properties (correct)
  • To enhance the flavor
  • What is the characteristic of the cork cells in the histological description?

  • They are thin-walled and flattened (correct)
  • They are cube-shaped and contain starch
  • They are thick-walled and rectangular
  • They are spherical and contain anthraquinone
  • What is the function of the modified Borntrager's test?

    <p>To convert combined dianthrone glycosides to free glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the microsublimation test for free anthraquinone?

    <p>It gives a yellow acicular/needle-like crystal that turns red with alkali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the crystals found in the phloem?

    <p>They are prisms of Ca oxalate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the sclereids found in the cortex?

    <p>They are scattered and have a thick wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of the plant from which the dried barks are used?

    <p>Rhamnaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost region of the bark?

    <p>Cork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for collecting barks in the spring or early summer?

    <p>The bark is most easily collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of companion cells in phloem tissue?

    <p>Metabolically active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for all tissues outside the cambium?

    <p>Bark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which season is Wild Cherry bark usually collected?

    <p>Autumn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle region of the bark?

    <p>Middle bark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fibres in phloem tissue?

    <p>Supportive element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the area between the outer bark and phloem?

    <p>Middle bark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the curvature of barks during drying?

    <p>The outer side is superized (cork) while the inner side is soft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the felling method of collecting bark considered useless?

    <p>The roots have more alkaloids in their barks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the coppicing method of collecting bark?

    <p>It increases the production of barks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of the Rhamnus purshiana plant?

    <p>Rhamnaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum storage period for dried barks of Rhamnus purshiana before use?

    <p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main active constituent of Cascara?

    <p>Anthraquinone glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of Cascara in small doses?

    <p>As a bitter stomachic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of Cascara?

    <p>As a treatment for fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary di-glucoside of anthraquinone glycosides found in the Cascara bark?

    <p>Glucofrangulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of storing the Cascara bark for 1 year on the primary di-glucosides?

    <p>It becomes less emetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of the Cascara bark in large doses?

    <p>As a laxative and cathartic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Frangula bark?

    <p>Presence of scelerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the Cascara bark in parasitic infestation?

    <p>As a colon cleanser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical test used to detect combined anthraquinone glycosides?

    <p>Modified Borntrager's test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cork in the Frangula bark?

    <p>Purplish-crimson coloring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Cascara bark and the Frangula bark?

    <p>Color of the cork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Flower, Leaf, Herb, Fruit, Seed, Bark, Root, Wood

    • Flower: N/A
    • Leaf: N/A
    • Herb: N/A
    • Fruit: N/A
    • Seed: N/A
    • Bark: defined as all tissues outside the cambium, including cork, cortex, and phloem
    • Root: N/A
    • Wood: N/A

    Bark Collection and Preparation

    • Bark is usually collected in spring or early summer when the cambium is active
    • Wild Cherry bark is collected in autumn when active constituents are at the highest level
    • Drying of barks leads to curvature towards the inner side due to the outer side being superized (cork) and the inner side being soft
    • Methods of collection of bark:
      • Felling: cutting the whole tree from the surface of the soil level and collecting the bark from the branches and trunk
      • Uprooting: cutting the tree down at a suitable age and digging up the root to remove the bark from the trunk, branches, and root
      • Coppicing: cutting the plant to a short distance from the ground, allowing it to grow for 7-30 years, and then cutting it again to obtain bark from the trunk and branches

    Bark Types

    • Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana)
      • Part used: dried bark
      • Active constituents: anthraquinone glycosides (cascarosides), barbaloin, and anthraquinone aglycons (emodine, aloe-emodine, and chrysophanol)
      • Uses: laxative, colon cleanser, and bitter stomachic
    • Frangula (Rhamnus frangula)
      • Part used: dried bark
      • Active constituents: anthraquinone glycosides (glucofrangulin), frangulin, and anthraquinone aglycons (frangula-emodine)
      • Uses: laxative, colon cleanser, and bitter stomachic

    Histological Description

    • Cascara bark:
      • Cork consists of small, thin-walled, flattened cells with anthraquinone contents that give a purple color with KOH
      • Cortex consists of an outer zone of flattened collenchyma and a large zone of parenchyma with cluster of Ca oxalate or starch
      • Phloem is traversed by 1-5 seriate medullary rays and contains anthraquinone parenchyma and fibers surrounded by parenchyma cells having prisms of Ca oxalate
    • Frangula bark:
      • No sclerides present
      • Cork with purplish-crimson coloring

    Morphological Description

    • Cascara bark:
      • Lenticels (breathing pores for gas exchange) present
      • Epiphytes: lichens, liverworts, and moss
    • Frangula bark:
      • Lenticels present
      • No epiphytes present

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    Description

    This quiz assesses knowledge of plant parts and structures, specifically in the context of pharmacognosy. It covers various aspects of plant anatomy, including flowers, leaves, herbs, and more.

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