Pharmacognosy Course Overview

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A method of grouping crude drugs based on the chemical nature of their key components. Crucial for understanding their activity and usefulness.

Grouping plants based on shared chemical compounds. This demonstrates relationships between plants at a deeper level than traditional classification.

Drugs that improve the contraction of the heart muscle. Examples include digitalis, squill, and strophanthus.

A group of chemical compounds found in various crude drugs, involved in various functionalities. Examples: Acacia, Tragacanth

Chemical compounds in some plant-based drugs, often linked to their medicinal properties. Examples: Digitalis, Strophanthus

Growing herbs or plants specifically to produce crude drugs for uniformity and control.

Gathering crude drugs from natural environments. Might not be as consistent in quality.

A specific chemical compound used to identify and classify a group of plants based on chemical similarities.

The chemical composition of a plant can vary significantly depending on the season.

The amount of active substances in some plants can fluctuate during the day, reaching peak levels at certain times.

The medicinal properties of plants can change based on their stage of growth and age.

Roots and rhizomes are best harvested at the end of the plant's growing season, typically in autumn.

Bark is usually collected in the spring, when the plant is actively growing.

Leaves and herbs are best collected during the flowering stage of the plant.

Drying plant material is important for preservation, stabilizing active constituents, preventing microbial growth, and making it easier to grind.

Drying removes excess water, which can cause degradation of active constituents and promote microbial growth.

Organic compounds that influence plant growth and development in tiny amounts.

Plant hormones that promote stem elongation, leaf growth, and fruit development.

Plant hormones that stimulate stem elongation through cell division and cell elongation.

Plant hormones that encourage cell division and delay leaf aging.

A volatile gas that promotes fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf shedding.

A natural plant growth inhibitor that plays a role in stress responses and dormancy.

The specific time of year to harvest medicinal plants to ensure the highest quality and potency of active ingredients.

The chemical components in medicinal plants responsible for their biological effects.

Using the sun or air to dry plant material, a slow but energy-efficient method.

Rapid drying of plant material using controlled heat, often used in humid climates.

Freezing plant material and removing water vapor in a vacuum, ideal for heat-sensitive substances.

Keeping dried plant material in closed containers to prevent moisture absorption and deterioration.

Damage to plant material caused by factors like moisture, heat, air, and light.

Damage to plant material caused by living organisms like fungi, bacteria, insects, and rodents.

A solvent that selectively extracts the desired compound without reacting with it or harming humans and the environment.

Plant families like Rosaceae and Labiatae that don't contain alkaloids, a group of nitrogen-containing compounds often found in plants.

A class of alkaloids found in the Ergot fungus, known for their impact on the circulatory and nervous systems. Ergotamine and ergometrine are examples.

Alkaloids aren't equally distributed in plants, with different parts containing different concentrations. Examples: Catharanthus (whole plant), Cinchona (bark), Nux vomica (seeds).

Alkaloids act as a natural defense system, protecting plants against herbivores and insects due to their bitterness and toxicity.

Chemical tests like Dragendorff's, Mayer's, Wagner's, and Hager's reagents can identify alkaloids by forming precipitates with specific colors.

Tannins with a high molecular weight, reacting positively with the Goldbeaters' skin test. They are divided into two main categories: hydrolysable and condensed.

Tannins with a lower molecular weight, reacting negatively in the Goldbeaters' skin test. They don't have the same strong binding power as true tannins.

A test used to identify true tannins. A small piece of skin is soaked in tannins, then treated with FeSO4. A brown or black color indicates the presence of true tannins.

Organic compounds found in plants, usually containing nitrogen in a ring structure, often with significant physiological effects on humans and animals.

Alkaloids with a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring and derived from amino acids. E.g., Quinine, Colchicine.

Alkaloids with a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring, but not derived from amino acids. E.g., Caffeine.