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Drugs are classified into ranks based on the color of their constituents.
Drugs are classified into ranks based on the color of their constituents.
False
The pharmacological activity of crude drugs heavily relies on their chemical constituents.
The pharmacological activity of crude drugs heavily relies on their chemical constituents.
True
Cinchona is an example of a drug that contains both alkaloids and glycosides.
Cinchona is an example of a drug that contains both alkaloids and glycosides.
True
Chemotaxonomy involves the use of chemical facts to determine the taxonomical status of animals.
Chemotaxonomy involves the use of chemical facts to determine the taxonomical status of animals.
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Glycosides are solely found in the families of plants known for their alkaloids.
Glycosides are solely found in the families of plants known for their alkaloids.
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Cultivating crude drugs offers more control over quality and supply than wild drugs.
Cultivating crude drugs offers more control over quality and supply than wild drugs.
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Alkaloids are commonly associated with the Solanaceae family of plants.
Alkaloids are commonly associated with the Solanaceae family of plants.
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Tannins can be found in plants like Amla and Ashoka bark.
Tannins can be found in plants like Amla and Ashoka bark.
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The family Labiatae is known to be free from alkaloids.
The family Labiatae is known to be free from alkaloids.
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Ergotamine is an example of an alkaloid derived from Lycopodium spores.
Ergotamine is an example of an alkaloid derived from Lycopodium spores.
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Plants require only carbon dioxide and sunlight for vegetative growth.
Plants require only carbon dioxide and sunlight for vegetative growth.
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Alkaloids in plants primarily serve as energy sources during carbon dioxide assimilation.
Alkaloids in plants primarily serve as energy sources during carbon dioxide assimilation.
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Mayer's reagent produces a yellow precipitate when it reacts with alkaloids.
Mayer's reagent produces a yellow precipitate when it reacts with alkaloids.
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Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are classified as secondary nutrients for plants.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are classified as secondary nutrients for plants.
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Auxins are synthetic plant growth regulators that promote elongation of certain plant tissues.
Auxins are synthetic plant growth regulators that promote elongation of certain plant tissues.
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Catharanthus is known to contain alkaloids in all of its parts.
Catharanthus is known to contain alkaloids in all of its parts.
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Ethylene is a plant growth regulator that is a gas and is involved in the ripening of fruits.
Ethylene is a plant growth regulator that is a gas and is involved in the ripening of fruits.
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Plant growth regulators can only be found in the form of synthetic compounds.
Plant growth regulators can only be found in the form of synthetic compounds.
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The proper time of collection for medicinal plants is not necessary for obtaining good quality drugs.
The proper time of collection for medicinal plants is not necessary for obtaining good quality drugs.
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Gibberellins are obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and promote stem growth.
Gibberellins are obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and promote stem growth.
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Fruits should be collected when they are unripe for optimal drug content.
Fruits should be collected when they are unripe for optimal drug content.
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Rhubarb contains anthraquinone during winter months.
Rhubarb contains anthraquinone during winter months.
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Digitalis has the highest active constituents at noon.
Digitalis has the highest active constituents at noon.
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Abscisic Acid (ABA) is a natural plant growth promoter that accelerates the aging process of plants.
Abscisic Acid (ABA) is a natural plant growth promoter that accelerates the aging process of plants.
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Leaves are typically collected at the flowering stage.
Leaves are typically collected at the flowering stage.
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The drying process of crude drugs is primarily used to increase their water content.
The drying process of crude drugs is primarily used to increase their water content.
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Bark is collected during the autumn season.
Bark is collected during the autumn season.
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Roots and rhizomes have a higher water content compared to seeds.
Roots and rhizomes have a higher water content compared to seeds.
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Conium fruits contain coniin only when they are unripe.
Conium fruits contain coniin only when they are unripe.
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The presence of alkaloids can be indicated by physiological actions on humans and other animals.
The presence of alkaloids can be indicated by physiological actions on humans and other animals.
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Pseudo tannins are recognized for their high molecular weight and positive Goldbeaters skin test result.
Pseudo tannins are recognized for their high molecular weight and positive Goldbeaters skin test result.
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Alkaloids are primarily derived from carbohydrates in plant sources.
Alkaloids are primarily derived from carbohydrates in plant sources.
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True tannins can be identified using the Goldbeaters skin test, which gives a positive reaction.
True tannins can be identified using the Goldbeaters skin test, which gives a positive reaction.
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All alkaloids contain nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring structure.
All alkaloids contain nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring structure.
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Dicots have a higher concentration of alkaloids compared to Monocots.
Dicots have a higher concentration of alkaloids compared to Monocots.
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The Vanillin test results in a pink or red color when vanillin hydrochloride is added to a tannin solution.
The Vanillin test results in a pink or red color when vanillin hydrochloride is added to a tannin solution.
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Caffeine is classified as a true alkaloid because it is derived from amino acids.
Caffeine is classified as a true alkaloid because it is derived from amino acids.
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Natural drying methods utilize artificial heat sources to remove moisture from materials.
Natural drying methods utilize artificial heat sources to remove moisture from materials.
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The lyophilization process is effective for drying heat-sensitive substances without causing thermal degradation.
The lyophilization process is effective for drying heat-sensitive substances without causing thermal degradation.
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Crude drugs should be stored in moist conditions to prevent deterioration.
Crude drugs should be stored in moist conditions to prevent deterioration.
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Chemical drying with desiccators leaves a completely dried drug that can absorb 12-15% of moisture when exposed to air.
Chemical drying with desiccators leaves a completely dried drug that can absorb 12-15% of moisture when exposed to air.
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Tinctures are made by extracting crude drugs with 5-10 parts of water only.
Tinctures are made by extracting crude drugs with 5-10 parts of water only.
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Heat, light, and moisture are biologically related factors causing deterioration in drugs.
Heat, light, and moisture are biologically related factors causing deterioration in drugs.
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Ethyl alcohol is considered an ideal solvent for preparing extracts due to its volatility and selectivity.
Ethyl alcohol is considered an ideal solvent for preparing extracts due to its volatility and selectivity.
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The choice of solvent for extracting active compounds should ensure no reaction occurs with other compounds in the plant material.
The choice of solvent for extracting active compounds should ensure no reaction occurs with other compounds in the plant material.
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Study Notes
Pharmacognosy Course Information
- Course name: Pharmacognosy
- Department: Pharmacy
- Instructor: Dr. Essam Ali Hassan Faraj
- Semester: Fall 2024-2025
- Number of pages: 23
Definition of Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacognosy is derived from Greek words "Pharmakon" meaning drug or medicine, and "gignosco" meaning to acquire knowledge.
- It is the study of drugs derived from natural sources (plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals).
- It investigates the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of natural drugs.
- It also includes the search for new drugs from natural sources.
- It does not include the study of synthetic drugs.
- It relates to Botany, Ethnobotany, Marine Biology, Herbal Medicine, Chemistry (Phytochemistry), Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutics.
Crude Drugs
- Crude drugs typically come from plants, animals, or minerals, in raw form.
- They are used for treating various ailments.
- Important natural sources include higher plants, microbes, animals, and marine organisms, and some minerals that are organic and inorganic in nature.
- Crude drug classifications include alphabetical, taxonomical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, and chemotaxonomical.
Crude Drug Classification Methods
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Alphabetical: Arranging drugs alphabetically based on their Latin and common names.
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Advantages: Easy to use and quick; no repeated entries.
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Disadvantages: Does not specify drug origin (plant, animal, mineral).
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Taxonomical: Organizing drugs based on their plant classification (division, class, family, genus, and species).
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Advantages: Helpful for understanding evolutionary developments.
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Disadvantages: Does not correlate chemical constituents with biological activity.
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Morphological: Grouping drugs according to the parts used (leaves, stems, roots, etc.).
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Advantages: Useful for identification, detecting adulteration, and practical study of drugs when their chemical structure is unknown.
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Organized drugs (have structure; like leaves, flowers)
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Unorganized drugs (e.g., juices, latex, or resins)
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Pharmacological: Sorting drugs based on their pharmacological action or therapeutic use.
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Advantages: More relevant and commonly used method because drugs with similar actions are grouped together.
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Chemical: Grouping drugs according to the chemical nature of their principal constituent.
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Advantages: Useful for suggesting substitutes and better understanding of therapeutic significance based on the chemical constitution.
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Disadvantages: Difficult to categorize when drugs have multiple chemical compounds.
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Chemotaxonomical: This method classifies plants based on the chemical similarities in their constituents to understand relationships and evolution within a plant group.
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For instance, some alkaloids (e.g., tropane alkaloids) are found in certain groups (e.g., Solanaceae family plants), which can be used as characteristic markers.
Drug Cultivation, Collection, and Drying
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Cultivation Advantages: Uniform quality, improved collection, transport, access to processing, better soil quality/pest/disease management, and controlled supply.
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Factors Affecting Cultivation: Altitude, temperature, rainfall/humidity, soil/fertility, fertilizers, and pests/pest control.
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Plant material is dried: to prevent deterioration via chemical or biological means.
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Methods of drying: Natural drying (using sunlight or shade), artificial drying (using ovens, heated stones, or direct fire) or Lyophilization (freeze-drying).
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Storage of Crude Drugs: Store in closed containers in a dry environment to avoid unwanted changes and moisture.
Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Crude Drugs
- Extracts are preparations of crude drugs containing all soluble constituents.
- Tinctures are solutions obtained by extraction of crude drugs with alcohol..
- The extraction solvent must be selective for the compound of interest, cost-effective, non-reactive with other compounds, and non-harmful to the environment. Ethanol is commonly used for extraction of active compounds.
Methods of Extraction
- Several methods exist for extraction of active compounds from plant materials. Techniques include infusion, maceration, percolation, digestion, and decoction.
Cell Content and Plant Constituents
Different crude plants can contain components with different functions, such as:
- Volatile oils: Naturally-occurring aromatic components with odors are contained in certain tissues of some plants.
- Tannins: Complex organic compounds derived from polyhydric benzoic acids (present in leaves, barks, and fruits) and have various properties.
- Alkaloids: Nitrogen-containing compounds with basic properties derived from amino acids found in certain plants having effects on humans.
Other important concepts
- Time of the year: The time of year for collection can affect the amount or type of active compounds.
- Time of day: Some drugs have different levels of active compounds at different times of the day.
- Stages of maturity: The maturity stage of the plant can impact the properties of the crude drug.
- Qualitative tests for Alkaloids: Various reagents (e.g., Dragendorff's reagent) may reveal alkaloids' presence.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of Pharmacognosy, including definitions, the study of natural drugs, and the importance of crude drugs derived from various sources. It also highlights the interconnected fields such as Botany and Pharmacology. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in this Pharmacognosy course.
