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What does pharmacognosy primarily study?
What does pharmacognosy primarily study?
Who coined the term 'pharmacognosy' and in what year?
Who coined the term 'pharmacognosy' and in what year?
Which Greek terms is 'pharmacognosy' derived from?
Which Greek terms is 'pharmacognosy' derived from?
What is NOT included in the scope of pharmacognosy?
What is NOT included in the scope of pharmacognosy?
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What has been the historical basis for the use of plant materials in medicine?
What has been the historical basis for the use of plant materials in medicine?
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Which of the following historical regions is mentioned as having utilized plants for medicinal purposes?
Which of the following historical regions is mentioned as having utilized plants for medicinal purposes?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus area of pharmacognosy?
Which of the following is NOT a focus area of pharmacognosy?
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Why might pharmacognosy be considered an ancient practice?
Why might pharmacognosy be considered an ancient practice?
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Who was the author of the significant work 'Botanist with Hontry Trime' that influenced pharmacognosy?
Who was the author of the significant work 'Botanist with Hontry Trime' that influenced pharmacognosy?
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Which plant was identified for its active principle morphine?
Which plant was identified for its active principle morphine?
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What was the first medicinal application of morphine?
What was the first medicinal application of morphine?
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What role does pharmacognosy play in modern medicine?
What role does pharmacognosy play in modern medicine?
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Which of the following compounds was isolated by Pelletier from cinchona?
Which of the following compounds was isolated by Pelletier from cinchona?
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What is one area that modern pharmacognosy encompasses besides plant-derived substances?
What is one area that modern pharmacognosy encompasses besides plant-derived substances?
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What does the scope of pharmacognosy include?
What does the scope of pharmacognosy include?
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Which science is NOT mentioned as being integral to the growth of modern pharmacognosy?
Which science is NOT mentioned as being integral to the growth of modern pharmacognosy?
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What is a primary reason for the preparation of crude drugs before marketing?
What is a primary reason for the preparation of crude drugs before marketing?
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Which aspect of pharmacognosy is essential for producing new plant drugs in modern medicine?
Which aspect of pharmacognosy is essential for producing new plant drugs in modern medicine?
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What is a potential drawback of collecting wild plants for crude drug preparation?
What is a potential drawback of collecting wild plants for crude drug preparation?
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Which method is NOT typically used in the processing of crude drugs?
Which method is NOT typically used in the processing of crude drugs?
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Pharmacognosy serves as a link between which two medical approaches?
Pharmacognosy serves as a link between which two medical approaches?
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What is meant by 'garbling' in the preparation of crude drugs?
What is meant by 'garbling' in the preparation of crude drugs?
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Why is knowledge of pharmacology important in pharmacognosy?
Why is knowledge of pharmacology important in pharmacognosy?
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What is the aim of collecting crude drugs from plant materials?
What is the aim of collecting crude drugs from plant materials?
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What happens to colophony when it is stored in powdered form?
What happens to colophony when it is stored in powdered form?
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Which method is used for extracting active principles that are not soluble in cold or boiling water?
Which method is used for extracting active principles that are not soluble in cold or boiling water?
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What is the purpose of replacing air with an inert gas like nitrogen for certain drugs?
What is the purpose of replacing air with an inert gas like nitrogen for certain drugs?
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Why should drugs be stored in air-tight containers?
Why should drugs be stored in air-tight containers?
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How can lard be preserved to protect it from rancidity?
How can lard be preserved to protect it from rancidity?
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Which of the following is not a method of preparing herbal dosage forms?
Which of the following is not a method of preparing herbal dosage forms?
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What temperature conditions are recommended for storing costly phytopharmaceuticals?
What temperature conditions are recommended for storing costly phytopharmaceuticals?
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Which part of the plant is commonly used in the decoction method?
Which part of the plant is commonly used in the decoction method?
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When should underground parts, such as roots and bulbs, be collected?
When should underground parts, such as roots and bulbs, be collected?
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Why should fruits and flowers be collected only after maturity?
Why should fruits and flowers be collected only after maturity?
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What is the primary purpose of drying harvested drugs?
What is the primary purpose of drying harvested drugs?
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Which harvesting method is recommended for leaves and fruits?
Which harvesting method is recommended for leaves and fruits?
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When is the best time to collect barks from trees?
When is the best time to collect barks from trees?
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Which statement is true about the collection of sap?
Which statement is true about the collection of sap?
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What significant pharmacological text was written by Emperor Shen Nung?
What significant pharmacological text was written by Emperor Shen Nung?
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Who is recognized as the first pharmacist in history?
Who is recognized as the first pharmacist in history?
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Which method is used to collect specific parts of flowers like petals or whole flowers?
Which method is used to collect specific parts of flowers like petals or whole flowers?
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Which of the following systems of medicine is primarily based in India?
Which of the following systems of medicine is primarily based in India?
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What should be avoided when collecting underground parts during summer?
What should be avoided when collecting underground parts during summer?
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What was the practice that introduced the idea of using plants based on their physical characteristics?
What was the practice that introduced the idea of using plants based on their physical characteristics?
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Which of the following describes a consequence of the increasing trade in crude drugs from the 12th century?
Which of the following describes a consequence of the increasing trade in crude drugs from the 12th century?
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What were the main methods of communication used to share medicinal plant knowledge before written records?
What were the main methods of communication used to share medicinal plant knowledge before written records?
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What is the term that was used in the 19th century to describe the subject now known as pharmacognosy?
What is the term that was used in the 19th century to describe the subject now known as pharmacognosy?
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Which ancient texts are well-known treatises in the field of Ayurveda?
Which ancient texts are well-known treatises in the field of Ayurveda?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacognosy is a branch of bioscience studying the biological, biochemical, and therapeutic properties of crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals.
- It's a scientific study of crude drugs from natural sources, including their history, distribution, cultivation, collection, processing, and preservation.
- It also involves studying physical, chemical, and structural characters of crude drugs, as well as other materials used in pharmacy (e.g., suspending agents, flavoring agents, antibiotics, allergens).
History of Pharmacognosy
- The origins of pharmacognosy are ancient, with plants being used in medicine long before recorded history.
- Ancient civilizations like Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Greek used plants medicinally for thousands of years.
- Key figures in pharmacognosy's development include Emperor Shen Nung in 3000 BCE, with his work Pen-t-Sao.
- The term "pharmacognosy" was coined by C.A. Seydler in 1815.
- The Greek words "pharmacon" (drug) and "gnosis" (knowledge) combine to form the term.
Reason for Studying Pharmacognosy
- Crude drugs have been used for medicinal purposes whether rationally or not.
- The 12th century saw an increase in trade of crude drugs.
- This led to the importance of studying crude drugs for more accurate and effective use.
- Adulteration of drugs, such as opium with Lactuca gum or latex, highlights the need for accurate identification and description of plants and drugs.
- Important works in this area include the volumes of medicinal plants written by Robert Bentley.
Scope and Importance of Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacognosy encompasses the study of crude drugs from plants, animals, and minerals, as well as supplementary substances used in medical practice.
- It plays a crucial role in the development of various fields of science.
- Modern pharmacognosy combines chemical analysis with the knowledge of traditional use.
- This leads to the development of new drugs and remedies.
- It is connected with the origin of new medicines and remedies.
- It forms a link between pharmacology medicine and chemistry.
Collection and Processing of Crude Drugs
- Crude drugs need preparation for marketing, including stabilizing them, removing impurities, and ensuring pharmaceutical value.
- Methods include collection, drying, and garbling.
- Different parts of plants (roots, leaves, fruits, barks) are collected at various stages to maximize active compounds.
- Plants are often harvested at specific times to ensure optimal amounts of active constituents.
- Drying methods include natural drying, oven-drying, vacuum-drying, and spray-drying to preserve the material's quality and reduce moisture for a longer shelf life..
- Packing should consider the drug's morphology, chemical characteristics, intended use, and transport/storage conditions
Methods of Plant Collection
- Plant collection involves careful consideration of the environmental conditions and plant maturity stages.
- Skilled and trained collectors are essential.
- Different parts of plants are collected at specific times for optimal therapeutic value.
- Mechanical and manual collection techniques are used for different parts of plants.
Methods of Preparation
- Plants are processed in different methods to prepare different types of medicinal preparations (e.g., decoction, maceration, infusion), based on the properties of the active constituents.
- Decoction is a boiling method for extracting compounds from materials that are not easily dissolved with cold water
- Maceration involves soaking crude drugs in water to extract the active components.
- Infusions use hot or cold water to steep herbal parts
- Extraction of juice uses a similar technique to decoction to separate the active compounds.
Garbling and Packaging
- Garbling is the removal of impurities from crude drugs to improve quality.
- Drugs are packed according to different characteristics concerning morphological and chemical properties for safe transport.
- Various packaging materials are used, depending on the characteristics of the crude drug, including goatskin, kerosene tins, and gunny bags.
Storage of Drugs
- Proper storage methods need to be employed to protect the drugs from microbial decomposition, oxidation, and deterioration of the active constituents.
- The storage environment needs to be free from moisture, sunlight, and high temperatures, to prevent degradation or structural changes.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of pharmacognosy, including the study of crude drugs from natural sources. This quiz covers the history, properties, and applications of these substances in medicine. Test your knowledge about ancient practices and key figures in the field.
