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What is the primary focus of pharmacognosy?
What is the primary focus of pharmacognosy?
Which classification method arranges crude drugs by their Latin and English names?
Which classification method arranges crude drugs by their Latin and English names?
What is a major disadvantage of alphabetical classification in pharmacognosy?
What is a major disadvantage of alphabetical classification in pharmacognosy?
How is taxonomical classification characterized in pharmacognosy?
How is taxonomical classification characterized in pharmacognosy?
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Which of the following is NOT a merit of taxonomical classification?
Which of the following is NOT a merit of taxonomical classification?
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What does the term 'crude drug' refer to in pharmacognosy?
What does the term 'crude drug' refer to in pharmacognosy?
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Which of the following is a merit of alphabetical classification?
Which of the following is a merit of alphabetical classification?
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Why is classification of crude drugs essential in pharmacognosy?
Why is classification of crude drugs essential in pharmacognosy?
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What percentage of organic matter characterizes poor soil?
What percentage of organic matter characterizes poor soil?
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Which of the following plants grow better in alkaline soils?
Which of the following plants grow better in alkaline soils?
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What pH range is associated with maximum availability of plant nutrients?
What pH range is associated with maximum availability of plant nutrients?
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Which of the following is classified as a primary nutrient?
Which of the following is classified as a primary nutrient?
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What is an example of a synthetic auxin used in plant growth regulation?
What is an example of a synthetic auxin used in plant growth regulation?
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Which of the following groups is categorized as organized drugs?
Which of the following groups is categorized as organized drugs?
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What is a major advantage of morphological classification?
What is a major advantage of morphological classification?
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Which plant growth regulator stimulates stem growth through cell division and elongation?
Which plant growth regulator stimulates stem growth through cell division and elongation?
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In pharmacological classification, which of the following drugs is grouped as a cardiotonic?
In pharmacological classification, which of the following drugs is grouped as a cardiotonic?
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What effect do cytokinins have on leaf aging?
What effect do cytokinins have on leaf aging?
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What is a significant drawback of pharmacological classification?
What is a significant drawback of pharmacological classification?
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Which nutrient elements are necessary in very small quantities and are categorized as trace elements?
Which nutrient elements are necessary in very small quantities and are categorized as trace elements?
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Which of the following is considered an unorganized drug?
Which of the following is considered an unorganized drug?
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What therapeutic action would vinca be classified under?
What therapeutic action would vinca be classified under?
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Which of the following represents an example where morphological classification may be more convenient?
Which of the following represents an example where morphological classification may be more convenient?
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Which of the following is NOT a merit of pharmacological classification?
Which of the following is NOT a merit of pharmacological classification?
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What defines the chemical classification of drugs?
What defines the chemical classification of drugs?
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Which of the following is a correct example of a glycoside?
Which of the following is a correct example of a glycoside?
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What is a significant characteristic of tannins?
What is a significant characteristic of tannins?
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Which of the following drugs contains both alkaloids and glycosides?
Which of the following drugs contains both alkaloids and glycosides?
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Which class of drugs is primarily derived from nitrogenous substances of plant origin?
Which class of drugs is primarily derived from nitrogenous substances of plant origin?
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What is a drawback of chemical classification mentioned?
What is a drawback of chemical classification mentioned?
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Which of the following substances is a non-sugar derived from the hydrolysis of glycosides?
Which of the following substances is a non-sugar derived from the hydrolysis of glycosides?
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What does chemotaxonomical classification emphasize?
What does chemotaxonomical classification emphasize?
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Which plant family is known to be rich in alkaloids?
Which plant family is known to be rich in alkaloids?
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What is one function of alkaloids in plants?
What is one function of alkaloids in plants?
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Which reagent produces a cream colored precipitate in the qualitative test for alkaloids?
Which reagent produces a cream colored precipitate in the qualitative test for alkaloids?
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Which of the following is not a source of alkaloids in plants?
Which of the following is not a source of alkaloids in plants?
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Which category of plants typically exhibits a higher concentration of alkaloids?
Which category of plants typically exhibits a higher concentration of alkaloids?
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What is the ideal alcohol/water ratio for extracting compounds from barks, roots, woody parts, and seeds?
What is the ideal alcohol/water ratio for extracting compounds from barks, roots, woody parts, and seeds?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of extraction mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a method of extraction mentioned?
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What feature makes ethyl alcohol the solvent of choice for tinctures?
What feature makes ethyl alcohol the solvent of choice for tinctures?
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What is the main function of enzymes in cellular metabolism?
What is the main function of enzymes in cellular metabolism?
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Which of the following is classified as a non-protoplasmic component?
Which of the following is classified as a non-protoplasmic component?
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What is the primary reason for mixing ethanol with water during extraction processes?
What is the primary reason for mixing ethanol with water during extraction processes?
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What characteristic of volatile oils differentiates them from other plant compounds?
What characteristic of volatile oils differentiates them from other plant compounds?
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Why are non-protoplasmic components considered useful for identification?
Why are non-protoplasmic components considered useful for identification?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs derived from natural sources
- It includes plants, animals, microorganisms, and minerals
- It examines the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of naturally-originating drugs
- The study also includes searching for novel drugs from natural sources
- Synthetic drugs are excluded from the study
- Pharmacognosy is related to botany, ethnobotany, marine biology, herbal medicine, chemistry (phytochemistry), pharmacology, and pharmaceutics
Crude Drugs
- Crude drugs typically derive from plants, animals, or minerals in raw form
- Important natural drug sources include higher plants, microbes, and marine organisms
- Some useful products come from organic and inorganic minerals
Classification of Crude Drugs
- A systematic classification is essential for detailed study
- Simple and user-friendly methods are preferred for classification
- Common approaches for crude drug classification include alphabetical, taxonomical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, and chemotaxonomic classifications
Alphabetical Classification
- Arranges drugs alphabetically based on Latin or English names (common names)
- This method is used in many pharmacopoeias
- Simple but lacks connection between the origin and properties of the drugs
Taxonomical Classification
- A method of classification based on similarities in plant structure and family relationships
- Arranges crude drugs based on the plant's taxonomic division, class, family, genus, and species
- Helps to study the evolutionary development of drugs
Morphological Classification
- Categorizes drugs according to the plant parts used, such as leaves, stems, roots, barks, flowers, fruits, and seeds
- Subdivides crude drugs into organized and unorganized groups
- Useful for identification and detection of adulteration
Pharmacological Classification
- Classifies drugs based on their pharmacological action and therapeutic use
- Groups drugs with similar actions
- Useful for practical study and substitution of drugs when needed
Chemical Classification
- Categorizes drugs based on the chemical nature of their major constituents
- Helps in understanding the pharmacological activities and therapeutic applications of drugs
- Valuable for suggesting substitutes for crude drugs
Chemotaxonomical Classification
- Groups drugs based on the chemical similarity of a taxon
- Explores the relationship between constituents and the evolution of plants
- Based on chemical constituents that are characteristic of certain classes of plants
Cultivation, Collection, Drying, Storage, and Preparation of Crude Drugs
- Cultivation offers advantages like uniform quality, improved collection, and control over soil quality
- Factors influencing cultivation include altitude, temperature, soil quality, and rainfall
- Proper drying methods help preserve and maintain the quality of the drug
Storage of Crude Drugs
- Essential to store crude drugs in closed containers in dry conditions
- Improper storage can lead to deterioration due to moisture, heat, air, light, fungi, bacteria, insects, and rodents
Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs
- Extraction prepares a solution or extracts of plants that contain all soluble constituents in the solvent
- Tinctures are created by soaking crude drugs in alcohol
- The solvent must be selective, cost-effective, harmless, and completely volatile
- Many extraction techniques are available
Plant Growth Regulators
- Organic compounds that affect the morphological structure or physiological processes in plants
- Regulators are categorized into natural and synthetic classes
- Functions include cell division, differentiation, root and shoot growth, and senescence (plant aging)
Plant Parts for Collection
- The timing of collection is important for quality
- Roots and rhizomes are usually collected in autumn
- Barks are collected in the spring
- Leaves are collected during the flowering stage
- Flowers are usually collected after full development
- Fruits and seeds are collected when ripe
Chemical Tests for Crude Drugs
- Various tests are used to identify specific constituents present in crude drugs
- These tests are valuable in determining the identity and quality of the crude drugs
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of pharmacognosy, focusing on the study of drugs derived from natural sources. This quiz covers crude drugs, their classifications, and the importance of different origins such as plants, animals, and minerals. Explore the intricate relationships between pharmacognosy and other scientific fields.
