Pharmacognosy 2 Lecture 2: Official Seeds
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Questions and Answers

What is the scientific name of the plant from which linseed is derived?

  • Linum angustifolium
  • Linum perenne
  • Linum flavum
  • Linum usitatissimum (correct)

    • Which of the following seeds is NOT included in the lecture's contents?

  • Psyllium Husk
  • Chia seeds (correct)
  • Nutmeg
  • Cardamon

    • Which seed is primarily known for being a source of dietary fiber?

  • Nutmeg
  • Colchicum seeds
  • Cardamon seed
  • Psyllium Seeds (correct)

    • Which of the following pairs consists of seed types mentioned in the lecture?

    <p>Colchicum and Flax seed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the academic year specified in the lecture?

    <p>2024/2025</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of food is made from linseed cakes after the extraction of fixed oil?

    <p>Cattle food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is used in the test for cyanogenic glycoside in inamarin?

    <p>Diluted sulfuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is recommended alongside sulfuric acid to test for cyanogenic glycosides?

    <p>Soaking filter paper with sodium picrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be heated on W.B. during the cyanogenic glycoside test?

    <p>Filter paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year is the given content dated?

    <p>2024</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the innermost layer of the testa?

    <p>A single layer of polygonal flattened cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main benefits of linolenic acid for skin health?

    <p>It strengthens the skin barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the content of the pigment layer in the testa?

    <p>Reddish brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell wall structure is found in the pigment layer of the testa?

    <p>Pitted walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does linolenic acid contribute to eye health?

    <p>It reduces the risk of age-related macular degeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of proteins is found in the active constituents mentioned?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin conditions may benefit from linolenic acid?

    <p>Psoriasis and eczema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of fixed oil percentage in the active constituents?

    <p>30 – 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to skin and eye health, what other function does linolenic acid support?

    <p>Supporting a healthy immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does linolenic acid have on skin moisture?

    <p>It prevents the skin from losing moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of cardamom seeds?

    <p>They are the dried ripe or nearly ripe seeds of Elettaria cardamomum Maton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does Elettaria cardamomum belong to?

    <p>Zingiberaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have cardamom seeds been classified recently?

    <p>They have been separated from the fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color change is associated with Guignard’s test?

    <p>Red or orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year is the academic information relevant to Cardamom seeds listed?

    <p>2024</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is noted for its toxicity and can cause convulsions?

    <p>Myristicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the uses mentioned for substances in this context?

    <p>As a stimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options does not represent a component mentioned in the provided content?

    <p>Colloidal silver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In large doses, which effect is associated with the substance Myristicin?

    <p>Hallucination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Amylodextrin?

    <p>Starch derivative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Academic Year and Course Information

    • Academic Year: 2024/2025
    • Course: Pharmacognosy 2 (PG 203)
    • Lecture Number: 2
    • Lecture Topic: Official seeds
    • Date: 10 October 2024

    Official Seeds Lecture - Linseed

    • Botanical Name: Linum usitatissimum
    • Family: Linaceae
    • Plant Type: Annual herb
    • Cultivation Locations: Argentina, Russia, Canada, Holland, and India
    • Seed Type: Anatropous
    • Embryo Type: Straight
    • Seed Structure: Dicotyledons
    • Seed Coat Characteristics: Shiny brown, colored with yellow raphe, minutely pitted, smooth, and shining
    • Seed Shape: Elongated ovate, compressed to nearly flat, rounded at one end and obliquely pointed at the other
    • Seed Odor: Very slight when whole, characteristic when crushed
    • Seed Taste: Mucilaginous oily taste
    • Fixed Oil Content: Not less than 30%
    • Foreign Organic Matter Content: Not more than 2%

    Microscopical Characters of Linseed

    • Testa: Large isodiametric cells, followed by 2 or 3 layers of parenchyma. Overlying a single layer of yellowish-brown narrow, longitudinally elongated sclerenchymatous cells having pitted thick lignified walls. A narrow colorless layer of collapsed cells, and hyaline layers composed of partially or completely obliterated parenchymatous cells (their long axis perpendicular to the sclerenchymatous layer). The innermost pigmented layer is formed of a single layer of polygonal flattened cells with pitted walls and reddish-brown pigments.

    Chemical Composition of Linseed

    • Proteins: 25%
    • Fixed Oil: 30-40% (36-50% linolenic acid, 23-24% linoleic acid)
    • Mucilage: 4.5-9% (mostly in the testa of the seeds)
    • Cyanophoric glycoside: Linamarin

    Medicinal Uses of Linseed

    • Constipation Treatment: Mucilage
    • Arteriosclerosis Treatment: Fixed oil (unsaturated fatty acids inhibit cholesterol synthesis)
    • Anti-cancer effect: Linseed oil on tumors
    • Heart Disease Protection: Omega-3 fatty acids (lower protein homocysteine levels).
    • Eczema and Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: Poultice of whole seeds (unsaturated fatty acids)

    Non-Medicinal Uses of Linseed

    • Paints: Due to oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in hardness.
    • Cattle Feed: Linseed cakes (after fixed oil extraction)

    Chemical Test for Linamarin

    • Reagent: Diluted sulfuric acid + filter paper soaked with sodium picrate
    • Procedure: Heat on water bath
    • Result: Red/orange color (Guignard's test)

    Cardamom Seeds

    • Botanical Origin: Elettaria cardamomum Maton, Zingiberaceae Family
    • Official Status: Semen cardamomi in the E.P.
    • Origin Locations: Sri Lanka, Southern India, and Guatemala
    • Parts: Fruits = Capsules

    Active Constituents of Cardamom

    • Volatile Oil: 2.8-6.2% (high proportion of terpinyl acetate and cineole) - Lost if separated from pericarp.
    • Fixed Oil: 1-10%
    • Starch: 50%
    • Uses: Flavoring agent, condiment

    Macroscopic Characters of Cardamom

    • Odor and Taste: Strong aromatic, pleasant aromatic, pungent taste
    • Surface: Wrinkled
    • Raphe: Runs from base to apex on flat surface
    • Hilum and Micropyle: Shallow depression at the apex
    • Testa: Covered by arillus (colorless membrane)
    • Inside: Starchy perisperm + yellowish endosperm + central small embryo

    Nutmeg

    • Botanical Origin: Myristica fragrans, Myristicaceae Family
    • Active Constituents:
    • 5-15% Volatile oil (pinene, camphene, myristicin, sabinene, other terpenes, alcohol)
    • 30-40% Fat
    • Starch and amylodextrin
    • Phytosterol, saponin, coloring matter
    • Myristicin (4% in oil): toxic, crystalline, bitter substance causing convulsions
    • Uses: Stimulant and hallucinogenic (high doses), carminative, flavoring agent (low doses), external use for rheumatism.

    Mace

    • Origin: Dried arillus of Myristica fragrans
    • Color: Bright red initially, then yellowish or orange-brown
    • Active Constituents: 15% volatile oil (similar to nutmeg), macillinic and macilolic acids.
    • Uses: As nutmeg.

    Colchicum Seeds

    • Botanical Origin: Colchicum automnale Linné, Liliaceae Family
    • Active Constituents: Alkaloid colchicine (all parts of plant; 0.2-0.8% in seeds). Tropolone alkaloid, colchic-resin, glucose (5%), fixed oil (1%)
    • Test for Colchicine: Yellow color with mineral acids (66% sulfuric acid).
    • Uses: Relief from gout pain and inflammation, anti-leukemia (cytotoxic and anti-cancer, but also highly toxic), induces polyploidy in plant cells

    Psyllium Seeds

    • Botanical origin: Plantago psyllium L., Plantaginaceae
    • Origin and Geographical Source: Dried ripe seeds. Plant is an annual herb native to Mediterranean countries
    • Macroscopical Characteristics: Odorless; mucilaginous, slightly bitter taste. Seed shape: boat-shaped or rounded oblong; 2-3 mm long, 0.6-1.5 mm wide
    • Microscopical Characteristics: Mucilaginous epidermal cells and the brow pigment layer, endospere cells with thick cellulosic pitted walls, numerous oil globules and aleurone grains
    • Active Constituents: Mucilage (10%), hydrolyzing to D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid; proteins; fixed oil
    • Uses: Bulk laxative by swelling of mucilaginous seed coat and increasing volume of feces, promoting peristalsis. Purified Psyllium husk combined with various chemicals used for treating chronic constipation.
    • Psyllium Husk: Most important product. Obtained by swelling seeds in water, removing the husk, and drying. Used in laxative preparations.

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    Pharmacognosy 2 Lecture Notes (MUE, 2024/2025) PDF

    Description

    Explore the characteristics of official seeds, focusing on Linseed (Linum usitatissimum). This quiz covers its botanical aspects, cultivation locations, seed structure, and microscopical features. Test your knowledge on the fixed oil content and other important properties of Linseed as part of the Pharmacognosy curriculum.

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