Pharmacogenomics Overview and Pegasys

Pharmacogenomics focuses on how the entire genome affects an individual's response to drugs.

Pharmacogenetics studies variations in one or a few genes affecting drug response, while pharmacogenomics encompasses the entire genome.

Absorption and metabolism are two pharmacokinetic factors influencing drug response.

<p>Genetic variation can affect how patients metabolize drugs and their overall effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Target proteins and downstream messengers are two pharmacodynamic factors that can affect drug efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, and renal or liver function can influence drug response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharmacogenomics allows for tailored drug therapies based on individual genetic profiles, improving treatment efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An adverse drug response indicates a negative or harmful reaction to a medication due to genetic variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pegasys is a type of pegylated interferon α-2a used primarily to treat Hepatitis B and C viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pegasys enhances immune cell activity, inhibits viral replication, and activates genes involved in the antiviral response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notable side effects include flu-like symptoms, bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity, and autoimmune reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rs12979860 C/T variant influences treatment response, with the CC genotype associated with higher chances of achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnic variability affects treatment response due to different mutations in the IL28B gene that impact individual efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in determining warfarin levels and maintaining therapeutic anticoagulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personalized medicine is significant because individual differences influence drug reactions and can dictate treatment effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic differences can affect how individuals metabolize and respond to drugs, necessitating variations in dosing and treatment strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is crucial because improper levels can lead to serious consequences, including excessive bleeding or thrombosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for more rapid determination of stable therapeutic doses and better predictions of dose requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pegasys treatment is highly expensive, which poses challenges for accessibility and patient adherence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The FDA requires genetic tests to be performed for specific therapies to ensure safe and effective treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables the identification of responders and non-responders, optimizing treatment outcomes and minimizing risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide insights into how individuals will respond to specific medications based on their genetic makeup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It places individuals at unnecessary risk of adverse events without providing any therapeutic benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The case of a company director who died from a brain hemorrhage after using warfarin highlights these risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pythagoreanism forbade eating and even touching beans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G6PD deficiency causes induced hemolytic anemia, also known as 'favism.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arthur Fox discovered 'taste blindness' related to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Friedrich Vogel coined the term 'pharmacogenetics,' which signifies the study of how genes affect drug responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Human Genome Project expanded possibilities in genetics by identifying 20,000 to 25,000 genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A SNP is defined by a variation at a single base pair in the DNA sequence with a population frequency greater than 1%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A synonymous SNP occurs in the coding region but does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sped up the process of studying drug interactions and enzyme actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic variability, differences in metabolism, and individual health conditions can result in varied responses to medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequencing DNA allows for the identification of genetic predispositions to diseases, facilitating targeted prevention and treatment strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anecdotal information lacks scientific rigor and may be influenced by personal biases, making it unreliable for generalized medical decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharmacogenetics helps tailor drug selection and dosage based on an individual's genetic makeup, optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microarray technology enables the analysis of multiple genetic variants simultaneously, aiding in the assessment of drug responses based on genetic profiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key steps include educating healthcare providers, integrating genetic testing into clinical practice, and developing guidelines for interpreting results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VKORC1 helps regenerate reduced vitamin K, which is necessary for the activation of clotting factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considerations should include a patient's genetic profile, previous drug responses, and potential drug interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Azathioprine is a prodrug that is converted to active metabolites like 6-MP, which are crucial for treating certain malignancies and autoimmune conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warfarin inhibits VKORC1, leading to a reduction in the production of active clotting factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>INR stands for International Normalized Ratio, and it is important for monitoring blood clotting time in patients on anticoagulant medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high INR indicates slower blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with the A/A genotype require lower doses of warfarin due to increased sensitivity, while G/G genotype patients require higher doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CYP2C19 converts clopidogrel, a pro-drug, into its active form in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carriers of a mutant allele of CYP2C19 show reduced metabolism of clopidogrel, leading to less active metabolite presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is significant because the reduced effect means lesser anti-clotting efficacy, increasing the risk for heart attack or stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers