Pharmacodynamics and Drug-Target Interactions

<p>The effect plateaus at a certain point, regardless of further increases in concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the concentration of drug needed to produce 50% of the maximum effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher Kd indicates lower affinity, weaker binding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug-target interaction reaches a point where the effect cannot increase further even with higher drug concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass Action Law deals with chemical reactions, while drug-target interactions focus on biological effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases until saturation occurs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weaker binding to the target. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of the drug on the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug absorption rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By analyzing drug mechanism of action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The differences in receptor binding affinity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It examines the impact a drug has on physiological responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine is a competitive antagonist that binds to adenosine receptors and blocks adenosine's action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased sensitivity to adenosine, requiring more caffeine for the same effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-competitive antagonists can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist, while competitive antagonists cannot. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenoxybenzamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shifts the curve to the right, requiring a higher concentration of agonist to achieve the same effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no effect on the agonist's effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atropine is a competitive antagonist that blocks acetylcholine receptors, leading to decreased parasympathetic activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How a drug alters cell communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptors, regulatory proteins, and enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conformational change in the protein's shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A receptor with unknown ligands that may lead to drug discoveries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of target it binds to (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protein's shape and function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of drug interactions with their targets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows small changes in concentration to result in significant changes in effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximum response can occur without maximum receptor occupancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate at which a drug dissociates from its receptor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct interactions influence biological response through binding to receptors; indirect involve a secondary molecule's influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effect increases gradually with increasing dose until a plateau is reached. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EC50 indicates the effective concentration required for 50% of the maximum response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As drug dosage increases, the fraction of free receptors decreases until saturation occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the maximum biological response is reached relative to receptor occupancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activates all targets and saturates receptor pools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits negative regulators, enhancing the pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to the same receptor as the endogenous ligand without activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the concentration of the agonist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contracts the bladder smooth muscle to assist urination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta blocker competitive antagonist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block the effects of endogenous ligands without activating the receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the activity of endogenous Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agonist can bind without hindrance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of what a drug does to the body.

Drugs are categorized based on their effects and properties, e.g., irreversible.

Drugs that permanently bind to their receptors, blocking them forever.

Molecular targets on cells that drugs bind to in order to exert effects.

How receptors function and interact with drugs to produce effects.

A scale where small drug concentration changes lead to large effect changes.

Reflects rapid effect changes at low concentrations and slow changes at high concentrations.

Includes indirect (enzymes) and direct (ion channels) interactions with receptors.

Describes how drug effect increases with dosage, often without full receptor occupancy.

Graph showing effect increases with dose until saturation occurs (Bmax).

Reaching the maximum response does not require full receptor occupancy.

Dissociation constant (Kd) and effective concentration (EC50) are not always equal.

The relationship of free unbound drug to the total drug amount bound to receptors.

Study of how the body affects a drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination.

Process by which drug effects are communicated within the cell after binding to a target.

Alteration in the shape of a protein due to drug binding, impacting its function.

Immediate response from a drug-receptor interaction, impacting function quickly (e.g., enzyme activity).

Delayed response from drug action, such as gene regulation changes.

Receptors without known ligands, indicating potential for new drug discoveries.

Process where a drug binds to a target protein, altering its shape and function.

The binding duration of a drug to its target depends on bond types.

Proteins that bind to ligands to mediate drug effects.

Targets can be in an active (Ra) or inactive (Ri) state.

When a target exists mostly in the active state without ligands.

A drug binds to a non-regulatory site with no biological effect.

The maximum response achievable from a drug.

The drug concentration that yields 50% of Emax.

Concentration at which receptors are 50% bound to a drug.

The maximum number of receptors that can be bound by a drug.

A competitive antagonist that inhibits neurotransmitter action.

An antagonistic drug that blocks adenosine receptors, increasing alertness.

A drug that competes with agonists for binding to receptors.

A drug that binds irreversibly to receptors, deactivating them.

Receptors in the brain that regulate sleepiness and calmness.

The process where the body increases receptor numbers in response to a drug.

Caffeine induces alertness while reducing feelings of drowsiness.

A term indicating that higher agonist concentration is needed to overcome an antagonist's effect.

A substance that mimics the action of an endogenous ligand and activates the target pathway.

An agonist that activates nearly all targets, saturating the receptor pool.

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a common full agonist.

Agonists that do not mimic the endogenous ligand but enhance its effect by inhibiting negative regulators.

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine; some drugs inhibit ACE to increase ACh effects.

A substance that binds to receptors but does not activate them, preventing the activity of the endogenous ligand.

The effect of a competitive antagonist can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist.

A beta-blocker that acts as a competitive antagonist to reduce blood pressure.

The process by which agonists and antagonists influence biological pathways.