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Questions and Answers
What section of the Material Safety Data Sheet typically provides information on the physical and chemical properties of a hazardous chemical?
What section of the Material Safety Data Sheet typically provides information on the physical and chemical properties of a hazardous chemical?
According to medical viewpoint, which type of poisoning is characterized by marked disturbances of function or death within a short period of time?
According to medical viewpoint, which type of poisoning is characterized by marked disturbances of function or death within a short period of time?
In terms of pharmaceutical toxicology, what happens when a poison suddenly increases in its intensity of action when a certain limit is reached?
In terms of pharmaceutical toxicology, what happens when a poison suddenly increases in its intensity of action when a certain limit is reached?
From the legal viewpoint, what type of poisoning occurs when the poison was taken without the intention to cause death?
From the legal viewpoint, what type of poisoning occurs when the poison was taken without the intention to cause death?
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Which section in the Material Safety Data Sheet includes information about first-aid measures for dealing with exposure to hazardous chemicals?
Which section in the Material Safety Data Sheet includes information about first-aid measures for dealing with exposure to hazardous chemicals?
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What type of poisoning is characterized by a gradual deterioration of tissue functioning over time?
What type of poisoning is characterized by a gradual deterioration of tissue functioning over time?
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Which classification of poisons is based on the effect of producing local destruction of tissues?
Which classification of poisons is based on the effect of producing local destruction of tissues?
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What is the characteristic effect of narcotics among the classifications of poisons mentioned?
What is the characteristic effect of narcotics among the classifications of poisons mentioned?
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Which numerical toxicity rating represents a poison that is considered 'Extremely toxic'?
Which numerical toxicity rating represents a poison that is considered 'Extremely toxic'?
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What is the physiological action of carcinogenics among the classifications of poisons?
What is the physiological action of carcinogenics among the classifications of poisons?
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Which classification of poisons acts mainly on the central nervous system?
Which classification of poisons acts mainly on the central nervous system?
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What is the main effect of asthenics or exhaustives among the classifications of poisons?
What is the main effect of asthenics or exhaustives among the classifications of poisons?
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What is the main purpose of conducting acute toxicity testing on a new chemical?
What is the main purpose of conducting acute toxicity testing on a new chemical?
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Why is post mortem or autopsy examination important in cases of suspected poisoning?
Why is post mortem or autopsy examination important in cases of suspected poisoning?
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What is the significance of administering the suspected substance to a living animal for toxicological purposes?
What is the significance of administering the suspected substance to a living animal for toxicological purposes?
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What is the main principle underlying descriptive animal toxicity testing regarding human applicability?
What is the main principle underlying descriptive animal toxicity testing regarding human applicability?
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Why is chemical detection of a suspected substance in body fluids considered unreliable for poisoning cases?
Why is chemical detection of a suspected substance in body fluids considered unreliable for poisoning cases?
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What aspect of toxicity testing aims to discover possible hazards in humans by increasing exposure levels?
What aspect of toxicity testing aims to discover possible hazards in humans by increasing exposure levels?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Toxicology Lab
- A poison is any agent that can cause serious body injury, disease, or death when applied, introduced into, or developed within the body.
Kinds of Poisons
- Corrosive: chemically causes local destruction of tissues upon contact, and remains poisonous even when highly diluted.
- Cumulative: suddenly increases in intensity of action after gradual addition.
Classifications of Poisons
Based on Origin
- Natural: from natural sources like plants and animals.
- Synthetic: manufactured, such as dioxins, some pesticides, and nerve gases.
Based on Physiological Action
- Asphyxiants: gases that cause tissue hypoxia.
- Lacrimators: cause tears.
- Sternutators: cause sneezing.
- Asthenics or Exhaustives: cause muscle weakness.
- Narcotics: cause mental weakness or depression.
- Tetanics: cause spasmodic and continuous muscle contraction.
- Depressant or Sedative: retard or depress the physiological action of an organ.
- Anesthetic: cause pain insensitivity.
- Inflammatory: cause sensitization, provoke an immune response.
- Mutagenic: inherited by DNA damage.
- Teratogenic: cause fetal damage.
Classifications of Poisons (continued)
Based on Chemical Properties
- Inorganic: volatile, non-volatile, mineral acid, mineral alkali.
- Organic: volatile, alkaloids, animal poison, bacterial, glycoside.
Based on Validity or Strength
- Numerical value toxicity rating:
- 6: Super toxic (5mg/kg)
- 5: Extremely toxic (5-50 mg/kg)
- 4: Very toxic (50-500 mg/kg)
- 3: Moderately toxic (0.5-5g/kg)
- 2: Slightly toxic (5-15g/kg)
- 1: Practically toxic (Above 15g/kg)
- Nontoxic: no toxicity rating
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
- Required by chemical manufacturers, distributors, or importers for hazardous chemicals.
- Sections:
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- Identification
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- Hazard Identification
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- Composition/Information on Ingredients
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- First-aid measures
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- Fire-fighting methods
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- Accidental Release Measures
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- Handling and Storage
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- Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
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- Physical and Chemical Properties
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- Stability and Reactivity
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- Toxicological Information
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- Ecological Information
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- Disposal Considerations
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- Transport Information
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- Regulatory Information
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- Other Information
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Poisoning
- Clinical toxicity secondary to accidental exposure.
- Types of poisoning:
- Acute: prompt and marked disturbances of function or death within a short period of time.
- Chronic: gradual and progressive deterioration of the functioning of the tissues.
- Cumulative: suddenly increases in its intensity of action when a certain limit is reached.
According to Legal Viewpoint
- Accidental: the poison was taken without intention to cause death.
- Suicidal: the poison was taken by the victim voluntarily for the purpose of taking their own life.
- Homicidal: the poison was given willfully and with intent to cause death to the victim.
- Undetermined: the history is hazy as to how the poison was obtained and why it was administered.
Evidences of Poisoning
- Circumstantial or Moral: deduced from various events or facts.
- Symptomatic: poisoning signs and symptoms are observed.
- Chemical: detection of suspected substance via chemical analysis of samples of body fluids collected.
- Post mortem/Autopsy: gathered from an examination of tissues and organs after death.
- Experimental: administering the suspected substance to a living animal and noting the effect or symptoms.
Toxicity Testing
- Two main principles:
- Effects produced by a compound in laboratory animals are applicable to humans when properly qualified.
- Exposure of experimental animals to toxic agents in high doses is a necessary and valid method of discovering possible hazards in humans.
- Types of toxicity testing:
- Acute toxicity testing: first toxicity test performed on a new chemical.
- Acute lethality studies: essential for characterizing the toxic effects of chemicals and their hazard to humans.
- Skin and eye irritations
- Sensitization
- Subacute (repeated-dose study): repeated administration typically for 14 days.
- Subchronic: 90 days
- Chronic: 6 months to 2 years
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Description
Learn about different kinds of poisons and their classifications in pharmaceutical toxicology lab. Explore corrosive, true, and cumulative poisons, as well as poisons based on their origin, whether natural or synthetic.
