Pharmaceutical Technology - Solutions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of iodine in the preparation described?

Iodine is used as an antiseptic.

Why is glycerol included in the formulation?

Glycerol is used as a preservative.

What ingredient in the nasal drops acts as a vasoconstrictor?

Ephedrine HCl acts as a vasoconstrictor.

What is the reason for not mixing solution I and solution II?

<p>They cannot be mixed due to a chemical reaction that occurs between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total volume of the nasal drop preparation?

<p>The total volume is 50 ml.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sodium chloride in the nasal drops?

<p>Sodium chloride is used to maintain osmotic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be used as the solvent in ear drops?

<p>Glycerine, propylene glycol, alcohol, or water can be used as solvents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one use of chlorobutol in the nasal drop formulation?

<p>Chlorobutol is used as a preservative and antiseptic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for reducing the particle size of substances in solution preparation?

<p>To increase the solubility of substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the preparation of the carminative mixture for infants, how is sodium bicarbonate's quantity calculated?

<p>Sodium bicarbonate is calculated by multiplying 0.06 g by the factor of 10, resulting in 0.6 g.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a stirrer not be used when dissolving material with very fine particle sizes?

<p>Fine particles may adhere to the stirrer, preventing proper dissolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total volume of the carminative mixture for infants after all ingredients are combined?

<p>The total volume is 40 ml.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution in pharmaceutical technology?

<p>A solution is a liquid preparation containing one or more pharmaceutical substances dissolved in suitable solvents to form a single-phase system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glycerine play in the carminative mixture?

<p>Glycerine acts as a soothing and sweetening agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much aromatic spirit of ammonia is included in the adult carminative mixture?

<p>The adult carminative mixture includes 15 ml (m xv) of aromatic spirit of ammonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the first three steps in the general procedure for preparing a simple solution.

<p>Weigh the solid ingredient and put it in a beaker, subtract the volume of liquid ingredient from 3/4 of the final volume, and dissolve the solid in the remaining vehicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define standard solutions in the context of pharmaceuticals.

<p>Standard solutions are solutions of known concentration that are prepared from strong solutions to create weaker solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method for completing the volume of the infant mixture to 40 ml?

<p>The volume is completed by adding enough peppermint water after mixing other ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between syrups and elixirs.

<p>Syrups are aqueous solutions containing sugar, while elixirs are combinations of water and alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of the carminative mixture for adults?

<p>The recommended dosage is half a teaspoonful three times a day after meals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information is included on the label of a pharmaceutical solution?

<p>The label includes the recipe name, doctor's name, patient's name, date, and directions for use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe one method of preparing solutions and give an example.

<p>Solutions can be prepared by chemical reaction; for example, forming sodium chloride solution by dissolving table salt in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of solutions are injections classified as?

<p>Injections are solutions prepared to be sterile, pyrogen-free, and intended for parenteral administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are aromatic waters and how do they differ from spirits?

<p>Aromatic waters are solutions of aromatic materials in aqueous solvent, whereas spirits are solutions of aromatic materials in alcoholic solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does temperature below 4°C have on syrup components?

<p>It causes crystallization, leading to the formation of large crystals that are difficult to redissolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much sucrose is required for the preparation of simple syrup according to USP specifications?

<p>850 g of sucrose is required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of glycerine in Ipecac syrup?

<p>Glycerine acts as a solvent and sweetening agent in the formulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the emetic dose of Ipecac syrup for adults?

<p>The emetic dose for adults is 10 – 30 ml.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the method used to prepare Tolu balsam syrup.

<p>The method involves mixing tincture of tolu balsam with magnesium carbonate and sucrose, then adding distilled water and filtering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what purposes is Tolu balsam syrup used?

<p>It is used as an expectorant and flavoring agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should the simple syrup taken from boiling water involve careful handling?

<p>Care must be taken to prevent overheating, which could alter the properties of the syrup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does magnesium carbonate play in Tolu balsam syrup preparation?

<p>Magnesium carbonate serves as a distributing agent to help dissolve the resinous content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of syrups and their purposes?

<p>The two main types of syrups are nonmedicated syrups, used as flavoring agents, and medicated syrups, which have therapeutic benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sucrose commonly used in pharmaceutical syrup preparations?

<p>Sucrose is preferred due to its purity, degree of sweetness, lack of color, ease of handling, and inertness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of fermentation of sucrose and its impact on syrup quality.

<p>Fermentation occurs when microorganisms grow on sucrose, leading to turbidity, odor changes, and taste changes, which negatively affect syrup quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hydrolysis of sucrose and its specific properties?

<p>Hydrolysis of sucrose produces monosaccharides like dextrose and fructose, which are sweeter and fermented more easily than sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of syrups based on their basic formulation?

<p>The two types are sugar-based syrups, which use concentrated sugar solutions, and sugar-free syrups, which use artificial sweeteners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the concentration of sucrose affects microbial growth in syrups.

<p>Higher sucrose concentration inhibits microbial growth, while lower concentrations provide a nutrient medium that can promote fermentation and spoilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What storage conditions are recommended for syrups to maintain their quality?

<p>Syrups should be stored at room temperature in tightly stoppered, well-filled bottles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are invert sugars and how are they formed in syrup production?

<p>Invert sugars are formed through the hydrolysis of sucrose and include dextrose and fructose, which are sweeter and degrade more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are alcohol-soluble and water-soluble components usually dissolved separately?

<p>To maintain the highest possible alcoholic strength and minimize the separation of alcohol-soluble components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if the final mixture of an elixir is cloudy?

<p>It indicates that flavoring oils have separated, and the mixture is allowed to stand to coalesce the oil globules for easier filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary solvents used in preparing elixirs?

<p>Water and alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the viscosity of elixirs compare to that of spirits?

<p>Elixirs are more viscous than spirits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycerin in the preparation of phenobarbital elixir?

<p>Glycerin acts as a thickening agent and increases the solubility of phenobarbital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concentration range of alcohol does the alcohol content of elixirs typically fall within?

<p>4-40%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tincture of orange peel in phenobarbital elixir?

<p>It serves as a flavoring agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the final step in the preparation method of phenobarbital elixir.

<p>After mixing the ingredients, sufficient water is added to produce 1000 ml, and the mixture is filtered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Technology - Solutions

  • Solutions are liquid pharmaceutical preparations containing one or more pharmaceutical substances dissolved in one or more suitable solvents.
  • A single phase system.

General Procedure for Simple Solutions

  • Weigh the solid ingredient and place it in a beaker.
  • Subtract the liquid ingredient volume from 3/4 of the total volume.
  • Dissolve the solid ingredients in the remaining vehicle.
  • Add the liquid ingredient.
  • Transfer the beaker's contents into a measuring cylinder, filling it to the required volume with the vehicle.
  • Transfer the contents to a wide-mouthed bottle with the correct label (pink for external use, white for internal use).
  • The label should include: name of the prescription, doctor's name, patient's name, date, and intended use (external or internal).

Standard Solutions (Stock Solutions)

  • Solutions of known concentration.
  • Used to prepare weaker solutions.

Types of Solutions

  • Solutions of liquid in liquid (e.g., alcohol in water).
  • Solutions of gas in liquid (e.g., ammonia solution).
  • Solutions of solid in liquid (e.g., NaCl in water).

Classification of Solutions According to Method of Preparation

  • Simple solution method.
  • Chemical reaction.
  • Sterilization (e.g., ophthalmic solutions).
  • Extraction.

Classification of Solutions According to Composition

  • Syrups (aqueous solution containing sugar).
  • Elixirs (combination of water and alcohol).
  • Spirits (solution of aromatic material; alcohol solvent).
  • Aromatic waters (solution of aromatic material; water solvent).
  • Tinctures or fluid extracts.
  • Injections (sterile, pyrogen-free, for parenteral administration).

Notes on Preparing Solutions

  • Reduce particle size (e.g., using a mortar and pestle) to increase solubility.
  • Choose the better solvent if there are multiple solvents.
  • Don't use a stirrer for very fine particles, instead use a circulating beaker.
  • Allow any gas to escape.
  • Use specific methods to increase solubility (e.g., pH or complexation).

Rx (Carminative Mixture for Infants/Adults)

  • Includes components like sodium bicarbonate, aromatic spirit of ammonia, compound tincture of cardamom, glycerin, peppermint water, and others.
  • Specific quantities (in grams and milliliters) are listed for each ingredient.
  • Calculations are often needed to determine the precise amounts of ingredients.
  • Glycerin is a soothing and sweetening agent in the mixture.

Iodine Solutions

  • Aqueous iodine solution (Lugol's solution).
  • Weak iodine solution (Lugol's solution with reduced concentration).
  • Strong iodine solution.
  • Mandel's paint (throat paint)

Nasal Drops

  • Aqueous or oily solutions for application to the nasal passages.
  • Often used for antiseptic, analgesic, or vasoconstrictor properties.
  • Should be isotonic with nasal secretions and have the same pH.
  • Include components like Ephedrine HCL, NaCl, Chlorobutol.

Ear Drops

  • Aqueous or oily solutions applied to the ear using a dropper.
  • Used as antibiotics, wax softeners, cleansers, or other purposes.
  • Components include Sodium bicarbonate, glycerine, and distilled water.

Gargles

  • Diluted aqueous solutions for treatment of the pharynx and nasopharynx.
  • Components include potassium chlorate, patent blue, liquid phenol.
  • Typically held in the throat for a short period, then expelled.
  • May contain anti-inflammatory or antiseptic properties.

Mouth Wash

  • Aqueous solutions primarily used for their deodorizing, refreshing, or antiseptic properties.
  • Often contains alcohol, glycerin, sweetening agents, and flavourings.
  • Ingredients include sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and peppermint water.

Syrups

  • Sweet, viscous aqueous liquids used as vehicles for medicinal substances.
  • Either medicated or non-medicated.
  • Contain sucrose or artificial sweeteners.
  • Used for their taste masking qualities.

Fermentation of Sucrose

  • Sucrose, as a carbohydrate, provides nutrients for microorganisms (like molds, yeasts) leading to changes in color, odor, and taste.
  • Microbial growth is inhibited by high sucrose concentration

Hydrolysis of Sucrose

  • Acid-catalyzed reaction into dextrose and fructose.
  • Invert sugars are the formed sugars.

Storage of Syrups

  • Syrups should be stored in tightly closed containers at room temperature or refrigerated.

Ipecac Syrup/ Tolu Balsam Syrup/ Simple Syrup

  • Syrup formulations with various ingredients with specific uses (expectorant, etc.).
  • Use specific methods of preparation (dissolving ingredients in water, mixing, and then adding the solvent).

Spirits

  • Mostly alcoholic solutions of volatile principles (e.g., volatile oils).
  • Classified into therapeutic or flavoring spirits.
  • Used to dissolve volatile substances.
  • Include specifics components and uses.

Elixirs

  • Usually clear, sweet, hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use.
  • Frequently contain flavorings to improve palatability.
  • A vehicle for medicinal substances.
  • Include various solvent, preservatives, and sweeteners

Suspensions

  • Finely divided drug particles (i.e., suspensoids) dispersed in a vehicle in which the drug has limited solubility.
  • Used to stabilize insoluble or unstable drugs.
  • Provide certain advantages to oral medications.
  • Important features for pharmaceutical suspensions include slow settling rate, ready redispersal, consistent particle size, and pour ability.
  • Factors affecting sedimentation rate include particle size, density, and viscosity of the medium.
  • Preparation methods include grinding and dispersing the solids followed by adding the solvent.
  • Contain suspending agents to improve stability.

Suspension Containing Poorly Wettable Solids

  • Solids may tend to clump or float rather than uniformly distributing as in suspension.
  • Wetting agents are required to help these materials mix into the vehicle better, include surfactants.

Suspension of Oil in Inhalation

  • Specifically used for inhalations (e.g., respiratory treatments).
  • Mixture of volatile oil, a dispersing agent (e.g., a powdered substance) and a vehicle (liquid).

Suspension Produced by Chemical Reaction

  • Certain suspensions are created when chemical reagents are mixed, forming an insoluble product.
  • Example is the preparation of white lotion from a chemical reaction between zinc sulfate and potassium sulfide solutions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on pharmaceutical solutions, including their preparation, types, and standard procedures. This quiz covers definitions, key concepts, and practical applications in pharmaceutical technology. Perfect for students studying pharmacy or related fields.

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