Pharmaceutical Solutions Quiz
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Pharmaceutical Solutions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the symbol '%' represent in the context of pharmaceutical solutions?

It represents percent weight in volume for solute in liquids, percent volume in volume for liquid mixtures, and weight in weight for solid mixtures.

Why do pharmacists typically avoid using heat when preparing solutions?

Pharmacists avoid heat to prevent the destruction of medicinal agents and deterioration of drugs.

How can the rate of dissolution of certain solutes be improved without using heat?

The rate of dissolution can be improved by reducing the particle size of the solute or by subjecting the mixture to vigorous agitation.

What risks are associated with dissolving volatile solutes or using volatile solvents?

<p>The use of heat may cause the loss of these agents to the atmosphere, compromising the solution's effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does particle size play in the preparation of pharmaceutical solutions?

<p>Reduction in particle size increases surface area, facilitating a faster rate of solution when combined with fresh solvent circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how exothermic reactions involving calcium salts can affect the preparation of solutions.

<p>Exothermic reactions release heat which can alter the temperature and potentially affect the stability of the solution being prepared.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general method used for preparing solutions on an industrial scale?

<p>Solutions are typically prepared by simple mixing of solutes with solvents in large mixing vessels equipped with mechanical stirrers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the stability of pharmaceutical preparations over time?

<p>Stability is defined by the absence of loss in therapeutic activity or undesirable changes in the preparation's chemical and physical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of stabilizers in oral solutions?

<p>To maintain the chemical and physical stability of the medicinal agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a drug's expiration date relate to its stability?

<p>It reflects the period during which the drug is known to retain its strength, quality, and purity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are flavorants and colorants used in oral medications?

<p>To make the medication more attractive and palatable for patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'shelf life' for oral solutions?

<p>The time required for the drug level to degrade to 90 percent of its labeled potency at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is often absent in dry mixtures for solution compared to ready-to-use oral solutions?

<p>The solvent, usually purified water, is absent in dry mixtures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors might influence the palatability of oral solutions?

<p>Patient age, pharmaceutical dosage form, taste improvement needs, and drug color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for oral solutions to be effective in terms of absorption?

<p>Effective absorption ensures that the patient receives the intended therapeutic benefit from the medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do preservatives play in oral solutions?

<p>They prevent the growth of microorganisms in the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue must pharmacists consider when formulating oral solutions?

<p>Chemical interactions between various components that may alter stability or potency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of offering certain antibiotics as dry powder instead of in liquid form?

<p>To enhance the stability and extend shelf life of the medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical storage duration for a reconstituted solution in the refrigerator?

<p>7 to 14 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients do with any remaining medication after completing their course of therapy?

<p>They should discard the remaining portion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one way a pharmacist can prepare an oral solution.

<p>By reconstituting a dry powder mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are oral rehydration solutions (ORS) typically used to treat?

<p>Mild volume depletion due to dehydration from diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What electrolytes are commonly lost during diarrhea that can lead to severe health complications?

<p>Sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of continuous vomiting and diarrhea?

<p>Malnutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the specific quantities of electrolytes in a liter of oral rehydration solution?

<p>To effectively replace lost fecal water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of oral rehydration salts solutions over parenterally administered electrolyte solutions?

<p>They are relatively inexpensive and available OTC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what forms are oral rehydration solutions typically available?

<p>Liquid or powder packet form for reconstitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should pharmacists advise patients regarding the mixing of oral solutions with other beverages?

<p>They should inform patients about the advisability of mixing with juice, milk, or other liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component required in magnesium citrate solution to achieve 1.55 to 1.9 g of magnesium oxide per 100 mL?

<p>Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) is the primary component required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does carbonation play in the preparation of magnesium citrate solution?

<p>Carbonation helps to improve the taste and patient acceptance of the saline cathartic solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is systemic alkalinization important for patients with uric acid and cystine calculi?

<p>Systemic alkalinization helps maintain alkaline urine, which prevents the crystallization of urates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aromatic waters from medicinal solutions?

<p>Aromatic waters are not therapeutically potent due to their very small proportion of active ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the strengths of diluted acids typically expressed?

<p>The strength of diluted acids is generally expressed on a percent weight-to-volume (% w/v) basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main drawbacks of traditional bowel preparation methods for colonoscopy?

<p>Poor compliance and acceptance from patients leading to issues during the procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that acts as an osmotic agent in the oral colonic lavage solution?

<p>Polyethylene glycol (PEG-3350).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total volume of oral colonic lavage solution recommended for adults before a procedure?

<p>4 liters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How quickly should patients consume each portion of the oral colonic lavage solution?

<p>Quickly, rather than sipping continuously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should oral colonic lavage solution not be mixed with other electrolyte-containing liquids?

<p>Mixing can alter the intended balance and effectiveness of the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ions are balanced in the formulation of the oral colonic lavage solution?

<p>Sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can patients typically expect their first bowel movement after consuming the colonic lavage solution?

<p>Within 1 hour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional preparations can be avoided by using the oral colonic lavage solution?

<p>Cleansing enemas and prolonged dietary restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the taste profile of magnesium citrate oral solution?

<p>Sweet, acidulous, with a lemon flavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What schedule is recommended for patients consuming the oral colonic lavage solution before a midmorning procedure?

<p>Drink for 3 hours and wait 1 hour for bowel evacuation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Solutions

  • Pharmaceutical solutions are typically unsaturated, meaning the amount of solute dissolved is less than the solvent's capacity.
  • Strength is often expressed as percent strength:
    • Percent weight in volume for solutions of solids or gases in liquids
    • Percent volume in volume for solutions of liquids in liquids
    • Weight in weight for mixtures of solids and semisolids
  • Dissolving solutes may require:
    • Heat (used cautiously to avoid drug degradation)
    • Reducing particle size (comminution)
    • Solubilizing agents
    • Agitation
  • Solutions are typically prepared by simple mixing, with larger-scale production utilizing mixing vessels with mechanical stirrers.
  • Stability of a pharmaceutical preparation refers to its ability to maintain therapeutic activity and avoid undesirable changes over time.
  • Drug expiration dates indicate the period during which a product remains stable when stored as directed.

Oral Solutions

  • Oral solutions typically contain flavorants, colorants, stabilizers, and preservatives.
  • Palatable solutions are essential for patient acceptance and compliance.
  • Stability ensures the drug's integrity and efficacy.
  • Effectiveness relates to the drug's absorption, distribution, and other properties.
  • Liquid pharmaceuticals are often designed for small-volume doses (5 mL, 10 mL, or 15 mL).

Dry Mixtures for Solution

  • Some medications, particularly antibiotics, are supplied as dry powder or granules for reconstitution with water before dispensing.
  • Rec constituted solutions usually have a limited shelf life (7 to 14 days) when stored refrigerated.

Oral Rehydration Solutions

  • Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, particularly in infants.
  • They replenish lost fluids and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, bicarbonate).
  • ORS are available over-the-counter and are effective for mild volume depletion.
  • Typical ORS solutions contain:
    • 45 mEq Na⁺
    • 20 mEq K⁺
    • 35 mEq Cl⁻
    • 30 mEq citrate
    • 25 g dextrose

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

  • An alternative to traditional bowel preparation for procedures like colonoscopies.
  • A balanced electrolyte solution with polyethylene glycol (PEG-3350) is administered orally.
  • PEG acts as an osmotic agent, drawing water into the gastrointestinal tract.
  • The solution contains:
    • 236.00 g PEG-3350
    • 22.74 g Sodium sulfate
    • 6.74 g Sodium bicarbonate
    • 5.86 g Sodium chloride
    • 2.97 g Potassium chloride
  • The recommended adult dose is 4 L, consumed in 240 mL portions every 10 minutes.

Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution

  • A colorless to slightly yellow, effervescent liquid with a sweet, acidic taste.
  • Contains magnesium citrate equivalent to 1.55 to 1.9 g of magnesium oxide per 100 mL.
  • Prepared by reacting magnesium carbonate with citric acid, followed by flavoring and carbonation.
  • Used as a saline cathartic.

Sodium Citrate and Citric Acid Oral Solution

  • Contains sodium citrate 100 mg and citric acid 67 mg per mL.
  • Used as a systemic alkalinizer to maintain an alkaline urine in patients with urinary tract calculi or gout.

Miscellaneous Solutions

Aromatic Waters

  • Clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or aromatic substances.
  • Provide pleasant flavoring for water-soluble drugs, emulsions, and suspensions.
  • Not therapeutically potent due to low active ingredient concentration.

Diluted Acids

  • Aqueous solutions prepared by diluting concentrated acids with purified water.
  • Strength is expressed as percent weight-to-volume (% w/v).
  • Limited use in modern medicine.

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Pharmaceutical Technology - Preparation of Solutions PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on pharmaceutical solutions, including how solute strength is expressed and the techniques used for dissolving solutes. This quiz covers essential aspects such as stability, expiration dates, and preparation methods. Perfect for students and professionals in the pharmaceutical field!

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