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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of discarding the first distillate portion in the distillation process?
What is the primary purpose of discarding the first distillate portion in the distillation process?
How do cation exchange resins remove cations from water during the ion exchange process?
How do cation exchange resins remove cations from water during the ion exchange process?
In reverse osmosis, what happens to the solutes during the filtration process?
In reverse osmosis, what happens to the solutes during the filtration process?
What is the role of alcohol in the context provided?
What is the role of alcohol in the context provided?
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What is the final step in the distillation process meant to avoid?
What is the final step in the distillation process meant to avoid?
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What is the primary reason that benzoic acid is effective at a pH less than 4.5?
What is the primary reason that benzoic acid is effective at a pH less than 4.5?
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Which of the following compounds is incompatible with anionic compounds?
Which of the following compounds is incompatible with anionic compounds?
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What is the function of viscosity modifiers in pharmaceutical preparations?
What is the function of viscosity modifiers in pharmaceutical preparations?
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Which alcohol is commonly used in concentrations greater than 10%?
Which alcohol is commonly used in concentrations greater than 10%?
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What is the role of flavouring agents in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the role of flavouring agents in pharmaceutical formulations?
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What defines a solution in pharmaceutical terms?
What defines a solution in pharmaceutical terms?
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Which of the following classifications of solutions is determined by their intended use?
Which of the following classifications of solutions is determined by their intended use?
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What is a key advantage of pharmaceutical solutions over solid dosage forms?
What is a key advantage of pharmaceutical solutions over solid dosage forms?
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What is a disadvantage of using solutions as a dosage form?
What is a disadvantage of using solutions as a dosage form?
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Which method of preparing solutions involves dissolving the solute directly in the solvent?
Which method of preparing solutions involves dissolving the solute directly in the solvent?
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When dealing with viscous solvents in solution preparation, what is the recommended approach?
When dealing with viscous solvents in solution preparation, what is the recommended approach?
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What is NOT a type of solution classified by route of administration?
What is NOT a type of solution classified by route of administration?
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What is a primary reason for keeping calcium hydroxide solution in a well-closed container?
What is a primary reason for keeping calcium hydroxide solution in a well-closed container?
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In which scenario is a solution less stable compared to solid dosage forms?
In which scenario is a solution less stable compared to solid dosage forms?
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What is the use of potassium iodide in the preparation of Lugol's solution?
What is the use of potassium iodide in the preparation of Lugol's solution?
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How is 'Water for Injection' (WFI) different from regular purified water?
How is 'Water for Injection' (WFI) different from regular purified water?
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Which of the following statements about calcium hydroxide solution is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about calcium hydroxide solution is incorrect?
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What type of water is considered not widely used as a pharmaceutical vehicle due to its content of salts and ions?
What type of water is considered not widely used as a pharmaceutical vehicle due to its content of salts and ions?
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Which solvent is specifically indicated as sterile and pyrogen-free?
Which solvent is specifically indicated as sterile and pyrogen-free?
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What is the primary use of calcium hydroxide in oral solutions?
What is the primary use of calcium hydroxide in oral solutions?
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What is a characteristic of purified water that differentiates it from sterile water?
What is a characteristic of purified water that differentiates it from sterile water?
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What is a characteristic of ethyl alcohol as a solvent?
What is a characteristic of ethyl alcohol as a solvent?
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Which solvent is considered to have a greater range of solvent power?
Which solvent is considered to have a greater range of solvent power?
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What is a key property of glycerin when used for extraction?
What is a key property of glycerin when used for extraction?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a function of buffers in pharmaceutical solutions?
Which of the following is NOT considered a function of buffers in pharmaceutical solutions?
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Which statement about preservatives is accurate?
Which statement about preservatives is accurate?
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Which of the following substances is used as an isotonicity modifier?
Which of the following substances is used as an isotonicity modifier?
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What is an ideal characteristic of antioxidants used in pharmaceutical solutions?
What is an ideal characteristic of antioxidants used in pharmaceutical solutions?
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What is the primary use of isopropyl alcohol in pharmaceutical applications?
What is the primary use of isopropyl alcohol in pharmaceutical applications?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Solutions
- Pharmaceutical solutions are homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances (solutes) dissolved in a suitable solvent (vehicle).
Classification of Solutions
- Solvent Type: Aqueous and Non-aqueous
- Use: Internal and External
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Route of Administration:
- Oral: Syrups, aromatic waters, elixirs, spirits, and oleo vitamins
- Mouth and throat: Mouthwashes and gargles
- Body orifices: Douches, enemas, ear drops
- Body surfaces: Lotions, liniments, glycerites, and collodions
Advantages of Solutions
-
Compared to solid dosage forms (tablets and capsules):
- Easier swallowing, especially in pediatrics and geriatrics
- More rapid action due to faster absorption
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Compared to suspensions:
- No need to shake the bottle before use, ensuring uniform drug distribution
- More accurate dose
Disadvantages of Solutions
- Difficult to mask bad taste
- Bulky to carry with a risk of container breakage
- Need for an accurate spoon to measure the dose, relying on the patient's accuracy for multi-dose containers
- Less stable than solid dosage forms, more prone to microbial contamination, usually requiring a preservative.
Methods of Solution Preparation
- Simple Solution: Direct dissolving of solute in a solvent
- Solution by Chemical Reaction: Solutes react with each other in a suitable solvent to increase solubility
- Solution by Extraction: Extraction of solutions from natural sources using a selective solvent (galenicals)
Common Solvents in Solutions
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Water: Purified water, WFI (Water for Injection), freshly boiled and cooled water, and tap water
- Purified Water: Free from microorganisms, ions, and salts; used in oral and topical solutions
- WFI: Sterile, pyrogen-free purified water; used for parenterals and eye drops
- Freshly Boiled and Cooled Water: Destroys microorganisms but not spores; not widely used due to salt content
- Tap Water: Never used as a pharmaceutical vehicle due to contamination and potential incompatibility with active ingredients
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Alcohol: High dissolving properties; used as a co-solvent and in hydroalcoholic solutions
- Ethyl Alcohol: Preservative effect, used in extraction of crude drugs
- Absolute Alcohol: Free from water, used in research and analysis
- Isopropyl Alcohol: Toxic, used externally only
- Glycerin: Excellent solvent; preservative in high concentrations; used in extraction, not selective
- Propylene Glycol: Substitute for glycerin
Components of Pharmaceutical Solutions
- Drug: Active substance
- Solvent: Vehicle for dissolving the drug
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Formulation Additives: Enhance quality and stability of the solution
- Sweeteners: Mask unpleasant taste
- Isotonicity Modifiers: Ensure solutions are isotonic with body fluids
- Buffers: Resist changes in pH
- Preservatives: Prevent microbial contamination
- Antioxidants: Prevent oxidation and degradation of active ingredients
- Viscosity Enhancers: Increase viscosity for specific applications
- Flavors: Enhance palatability
- Colors: Provide visual appeal and warning against swallowing
Solution Additives
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Buffers: Control pH to ensure stability and minimize irritation
- Example: Phosphate buffer
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Isotonicity Modifiers: Adjust osmotic pressure to match body fluids
- Examples: Sodium chloride and dextrose
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Stabilizers (Antioxidants): Prevent oxidation of active ingredients
- Examples: Ascorbic acid, citric acid, and sodium sulphite
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Preservatives: Protect solutions from microbial contamination
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Examples:
- Alcohols: Ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, and chlorobutanol
- Acids: Benzoic acid
- Esters: Methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Benzalkonium chloride
-
Examples:
-
Viscosity Modifiers: Increase viscosity for specific applications
- Examples: Povidone and hydroxyethylcellulose
-
Sweetening Agents: Enhance palatability
- Examples: Sucrose, saccharine, aspartame, sorbitol, mannitol, and glycerol
-
Coloring Agents: Provide visual appeal and warning against swallowing
- Example: Amaranth
-
Flavoring Agents: Mask unpleasant taste and improve acceptability
- Example: Peppermint oil
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Description
Explore the world of pharmaceutical solutions, including their classifications, advantages, and disadvantages. Understand the different types of solvents, routes of administration, and why solutions might be preferred over solid dosage forms. This quiz will deepen your knowledge of liquid preparations used in pharmaceuticals.
