Pharmaceutical Tablets and Powders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of tablet responds to physiological conditions to release the drug?

  • Buccal tablets
  • Repeat-action tablets
  • Effervescent tablets
  • Enteric-coated tablets (correct)

Which tablets are specifically used to treat vaginal infections?

  • Vaginal pessaries (correct)
  • Compressed tablets
  • Effervescent tablets
  • Sublingual tablets

What is a key feature of effervescent tablets?

  • They dissolve only in the stomach.
  • They contain sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. (correct)
  • They are designed to be swallowed whole.
  • They release drug in a controlled manner.

How do sublingual tablets differ from traditional tablets?

<p>They dissolve quickly under the tongue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do repeat-action tablets do?

<p>Combine various mechanisms to release pulses of the drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tablet is typically used for preparing solutions?

<p>Compressed tablets for solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows newer sublingual tablets to improve drug absorption?

<p>They melt at body temperatures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of buccal tablets?

<p>To dissolve in the mouth and enter the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the particle size limit for powders used in pharmaceuticals?

<p>Less than 1000 um (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of using powders in pharmaceuticals?

<p>They are more stable than liquid dosage forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences the flow characteristics of powders?

<p>Particle size and shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of administering drugs in powder form?

<p>They often taste bad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is powder flow important in the manufacturing of tablets?

<p>It affects weight, hardness, and content uniformity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might powders be used for patients who cannot swallow pills?

<p>They can be easily dissolved in liquids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of powder medications?

<p>They can be packed in double wrapping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pharmaceutical powders is correct?

<p>Powders can produce faster dissolution compared to tablets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lubricants in tablet preparation?

<p>To prevent adhesion of materials to dies and punches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is NOT commonly used as a lubricant?

<p>Croscarmellose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from poor selection or excessive use of lubricants in tablet formulation?

<p>Waterproofing of the tablets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a disintegrant?

<p>Croscarmellose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested concentration of starch for disintegration in tablets?

<p>5 to 10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions does starch facilitate in tablet disintegration?

<p>Capillary action and swelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glidants in tablet preparation?

<p>To promote flow by reducing friction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about super disintegrants is true?

<p>They are effective at low concentrations of 2 to 4%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for mixing potent materials like digoxin and folic acid?

<p>To mix them with bulking agents and excipients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during elutriation segregation?

<p>Turbulent air lifts smaller particles upward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixture requires a higher degree of mixing and energy input?

<p>Negative mixture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a positive mixture?

<p>Salt dissolved in water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which objective of mixing involves creating a uniform mixture of solids and solvents?

<p>Simple physical mixing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a negative mixture?

<p>It requires higher energy for mixing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a positive mixture?

<p>Mixes spontaneously and easily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of mixture do small particles sediment to form a layer on top of larger particles after discharge?

<p>Elutriation segregation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the swelling factor of sodium starch glycolate when mixed with active ingredients?

<p>7-12 fold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of intra-extra granular incorporation of disintegrants?

<p>Efficient tablet disintegration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the disintegration time of compressed tablets?

<p>The type of flavor used (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agents are used to mask off-color drugs?

<p>Colors and dyes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about flavour oils is correct?

<p>They provide poor stability when water-soluble. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artificial sweetener is known for an unpleasant aftertaste?

<p>Saccharin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem encountered during tableting?

<p>Capping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT classified as an adsorbent?

<p>Sodium starch glycolate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process involved in lyophilization?

<p>Sublimation under high vacuum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following products is typically not subjected to freeze drying?

<p>Penicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range during the freeze drying process?

<p>-10 to -40°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the triple point in thermodynamics?

<p>Ensuring thermodynamic equilibrium of phases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the eutectic point refer to in the context of freeze drying?

<p>Point of sublimation of solid water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of freeze drying?

<p>Creates a dense product structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is essential for creating a vacuum in a freeze dryer?

<p>Vacuum pump (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does freeze drying influence enzyme action?

<p>Inhibits enzyme action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmaceutical Powder

A solid dosage form consisting of finely divided medicament, with or without excipients.

Particle Size in Powders

The size of particles in a powder. Particles are less than 1000 micrometers (µm).

Powder Flow

The ability of a powder to flow freely. This is important for uniform dosage in tablets and capsules.

Excipients in Powders

Substances that improve the properties of a powder, such as flowability and compressibility.

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Amorphous Powder

A type of powder where the drug is dispersed in a finely divided state, allowing for quick dissolution and absorption.

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Advantages of Powders: Fast Dissolution

Dissolves rapidly, leading to faster onset of action compared to tablets and capsules.

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Advantages of Powders: Easy Administration

A powder dosage form can be taken orally by patients who have difficulty swallowing other solid dosage forms.

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Disadvantages of Powders: Taste and Nausea

Powder forms of drugs with bitter or unpleasant tastes, or those that cause nausea, cannot be administered.

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Controlled-Release Tablets

Tablets designed to release medication in a controlled manner, often over a longer period.

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Enteric-Coated Tablets

Tablets coated with a material that dissolves only in the intestines, not the stomach.

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Pulse-Release Tablets

Tablets designed to release drug bursts at specific intervals.

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Tablets for Solution

Tablets intended to dissolve in water to create solutions.

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Effervescent Tablets

Tablets containing sodium bicarbonate and an organic acid, releasing carbon dioxide when dissolved.

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Buccal Tablets

Tablets designed to dissolve in the cheek pouch, absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Sublingual Tablets

Tablets designed to dissolve quickly under the tongue, absorbed directly into the bloodstream.

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Melting Tablets

Tablets designed to melt at body temperature, releasing the drug in solution.

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Binder in Tablets

A substance that binds powder particles together to form a cohesive tablet mass.

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Lubricant in Tablets

A substance added to tablets to prevent them from sticking to the dies and punches during compression.

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Anti-Adherents in Tablets

Substances that prevent granules or powders from sticking to the surfaces of the punches or die walls.

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Glidants in Tablets

Substances that improve the flow of granules or powder materials by reducing friction between particles.

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Disintegrant in Tablets

A substance that helps a tablet break down into smaller pieces after administration.

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Starch as a Disintegrant

A common type of disintegrant that swells when moistened, causing the tablet to break apart.

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Super Disintegrants

Special disintegrating agents that are effective at low concentrations.

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Hydrophobic Lubricants

Substances that can be used as lubricants in tablet formulation, with the exception of talc.

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Trajectory Segregation

The separation of particles of different sizes in a mixture due to their differing kinetic energies.

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Elutriation Segregation

The separation of very fine particles from a mixture due to air currents.

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Mixing

The process of combining two or more substances to create a uniform mixture.

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Positive Mixture

Mixtures where the components easily mix together, like salt dissolving in water.

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Negative Mixture

Mixtures where the components don't mix easily, requiring energy for mixing, like oil and water.

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Mixing in Pharmaceuticals

Mixing for tablets and capsules to ensure uniform distribution of ingredients.

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Mixing Potent Drugs

Important to mix potent drugs like digoxin with bulking agents to ensure accurate dosing.

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Mixing as a Unit Operation

Mixing is a unit operation essential in various pharmaceutical processes, including tablet and capsule production.

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Disintegrating Agent

A substance that promotes the breakdown of tablets into smaller particles, allowing for faster drug release.

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Intragranular Incorporation

Adding the disintegrating agent to the powdered formula before granulation, allowing it to be dispersed throughout the granules.

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Extragranular Incorporation

Adding the disintegrating agent to the lubricant after granulation, allowing it to work primarily on the surface of the tablet.

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Intra-Extra Granular Incorporation

A method where the disintegrating agent is added both during and after granulation, this ensures more efficient and complete disintegration of the tablet.

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Tablet Hardness

The tablet's ability to withstand pressure, higher hardness can make it harder to break down.

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Colors and Dyes

Coloring agents used to mask the natural color of drugs or enhance visual appeal.

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Flavourants

Substances that provide flavor to tablets, typically used in chewable or dissolving tablets.

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Adsorbents

Substances that absorb moisture and can prevent clumping of powder ingredients.

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Lyophilization

A process where a frozen product is dried under high vacuum by sublimating ice directly into vapor.

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Triple Point

The temperature and pressure at which a substance exists in equilibrium in its solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

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Eutectic Point

The specific point where solid ice in a solution sublimates during freeze drying, influenced by the presence of dissolved solids.

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Freeze Drying

The process of removing water from a product by sublimating ice directly to vapor in a vacuum chamber.

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Vacuum Drying Chamber

A chamber where the product is frozen and dried under vacuum during freeze drying.

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Vapour Removal System

These remove water vapor from the chamber during freeze drying, ensuring efficient sublimation.

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Biological Products Suitable for Freeze Drying

Examples include antibiotics, blood products, vaccines, and enzyme preparations.

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Porous Structure in Freeze Drying

The final product retains the original volume, resulting in a porous and light structure.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Powders

  • Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms of medication.
  • These dosage forms contain one or more drugs in a finely divided state, with or without excipients.
  • They come in crystalline or amorphous forms.
  • Powders are a type of solid dosage form, separate from granules, tablets, and capsules.
  • Powders are typically composed of solid particles, with diameters less than 1000 µm.
  • Powders are commonly used to make granules, tablets, and capsules.
  • Powder flow is a critical aspect of pharmaceutical manufacturing; it is often difficult and unpredictable.
  • Flow is influenced by adhesive and cohesive properties, as well as particle size, roughness, surface free energy, and shape.
  • Powder flow is important in rotary multi-station tablet presses and capsule manufacturing.
  • Powders have advantages and disadvantages
  • Advantages include internal and external use, greater stability compared to liquid dosage forms, and faster onset of action.
  • Disadvantages include issues with bitter or unpleasant taste, causing nausea, susceptibility to atmospheric conditions, and difficulty weighing small quantities.

Granules

  • Granules are agglomerated powders to produce large, free-flowing particles.
  • Granules generally range in size from 4 to 10 mesh.
  • They can be irregularly shaped but are often prepared to be spherical.
  • Granules are sometimes used as intermediates in the preparation of capsules and tablets because they flow more smoothly and predictably than small powder particles.
  • Reasons for preparing granules from powders include improved flow, avoidance of powder segregation, improved compressibility, and reduced caking of hygroscopic materials.
  • Granules are classified into several categories, including effervescent, coated, gastro-resistant, and modified-release granules.

Micromertics

  • Micromertics is the science and technology of small particles.
  • The micrometer (µm) or micron (μ) is used as the unit of particle size.
  • Small particle size increases the surface area of the particles.
  • Size and size distribution of particles are important in pharmacy due to their effects on physical, chemical, and pharmacological properties of drugs.
  • Particle size affects drug release from dosage forms and their activity. It has implications in both oral, parenteral, rectal, and topical administration.
  • There is a relationship between the angle of repose, Carr's index, Hausner ratio and powder flowability.

Tablets

  • Tablets are small, compressed masses containing one or more drugs.

  • They are typically circular in shape, though they may be flat, or bi-convex.

  • The manufacturing process involves using excipients.

  • Tablets are categorized into compressed tablets (CT) and sugar-coated tablets (SCT).

  • Common types of tablets include compressed tablets (CT), sugar-coated tablets (SCT), film-coated tablets (FCT), enteric-coated tablets (ECT), multiple compressed tablets (MCT), and press-coated tablets.

  • Compressed tablets (CT) are prepared by compression of powdered materials.

  • Sugar-coated tablets (SCT) are compressed tablets coated with sugar for taste masking and protection.

  • Film coated tablets (FCT) have water soluble materials used to cover them, for example, polymeric substances for a number of reasons

  • Enteric coated tablets (ECT) have coatings that resist dissolution in the stomach to avoid degradation, providing a delayed release of drug in the intestines.

  • Multiple compressed tablets (MCT) are produced by compressing additional materials around a base layer multiple times.

  • Press-coated tablets are created by feeding previously compressed tablets into equipment which creates an additional layer around the existing tablet.

  • Other tablet types (effervescent, buccal, sublingual) are also mentioned.

  • Tablets must have certain qualities.

  • The attributes include correct drug dose, elegant and consistent appearance and weight, controlled and reproducible drug release, and biocompatibility (avoiding harmful excipients, contaminants).

  • Tablets also require sufficient mechanical strength, chemical, physical, and microbiological stability during use.

  • Various excipients can be used, including diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, colors or dyes, and flavourants.

  • Tablets can have disadvantages.

  • Some disadvantages include poor bioavailability, local irritation to the GI tract and unpleasant taste.

Capsules

  • Capsules are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs inside a small shell or container, usually made of gelatin.
  • Capsules can be hard or soft.
  • Hard capsules have two cylindrical pieces that are joined together.
  • Soft capsules are a single piece.
  • Capsules are used for oral administration.
  • Some advantages include masking taste of drugs, and ease of swallowing.
  • Disadvantages include possible instability of the capsule, difficult incorporation of certain materials, and a shorter shelf life.
  • Different types of capsules are discussed, including Vegicalps which is a plant-based alternative to gelatin capsules.

Mixing

  • Mixing is a crucial operation that combines two or more substances to form a homogeneous mixture.
  • Mixing is used for various pharmaceutical dosage forms like tablets and capsules.
  • Physical properties such as particle size, shape, density of ingredients and proportions impact mixing.
  • Several factors impact mixing including particle size, shape, density of the ingredients and proportion of the materials that are being mixed.
  • Different types of mixing are also discussed: liquid, powder, and semi-solid.

Homogenization, Drying & Lyophilization

  • Homogenization is a process used to produce a fine emulsion from a coarse emulsion by reducing the size of the globules.
  • Processes for drying include various types, including lyophilization (freeze drying).
  • Lyophilization is used for delicate materials and for those needing accurate dosing, such as hormones or antibiotics.

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Pharmaceutical Powders Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various types of pharmaceutical tablets and powders with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the functionalities and characteristics of effervescent, sublingual, and buccal tablets, as well as the properties of pharmaceutical powders. This quiz is perfect for students in pharmaceuticals or healthcare fields.

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