Pharmaceutical Manufacturing - Powders & Tablets

Liquid preparations classified by their intended use (e.g., oral, otic, ophthalmic, topical) or their composition (e.g., syrup, elixir, tincture).

Substances that dissolve, suspend, or extract other materials without substantially changing the composition of either the solvent or the material.

Solutions are made through heating, mixing, stirring, or using additives like extracts or tinctures.

Substances (e.g., propylene glycol, glycerin) to keep liquid products moist and preserve them.

Substances (like citric acid) that provide an acidic environment for product stability.

Substances (like ammonia solution) that provide an alkaline environment for product stability.

Techniques (e.g., distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis) for creating purified water for liquid preparations.

Solutions offer prompt absorption, flexible dosing, and various administration routes, but can have issues with stability, measuring, and taste masking.

Solvents can be either organic (containing carbon) or inorganic (lacking carbon).

A substance preventing chemical oxidation by oxygen in pharmaceutical products.

Maintains a stable pH in a formulation, ensuring compatibility, stability, and antimicrobial effectiveness, and optimal solubility.

Prevents contamination and growth of microbes, useful in pharmaceutical preparations.

Reduces surface tension between solids and liquids in suspensions for easier mixing

Reduces foam formation in liquids during manufacturing, prevents frothing.

Prevents settling or sedimentation of suspended particles, usually in liquids.

Adds sweetness to pharmaceutical products.

A process that involves passing a liquid through a material to extract or separate substances.

Raw materials must meet specific standards for identity, potency, and freedom from contamination.

Water is crucial in manufacturing and must meet specific standards (e.g., USP requirements).

Methods like IV sterilization, and ultraviolet sterilization are used to ensure sterility in manufacturing.

Manufacturing equipment (tanks, filters, piping) must be thoroughly cleaned and sanitized to prevent contamination.

Syrups containing flavorings but no medicinal substances.

Commercially prepared syrups combining sucrose, water, flavorings, colorings, a therapeutic agent, and other ingredients.

Clear, flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids for oral use, typically less sweet and viscous than syrups.

Solutions of medicinal substances in alcohol. They are less sweet than syrups, have a characteristic color, and varying degrees of strength.

Tinctures must be stored properly due to their alcoholic content and potential photochemical changes.

A medicated tincture of opium containing a less potent level of morphine compared to opium tincture, or laudanum.

A medicated tincture with a higher concentration of opium (and thus morphine) compared to Paregoric.

Mixing tinctures with liquids of very different solvent characteristics can result in precipitation of the dissolved substance.

A particle size reduction technique where a paste is rubbed against a surface like a mortar or slab using a pestle or spatula.

A large-scale machine used for particle size reduction, especially for powders and granules.

A solid dosage form, often circular or disk-shaped, designed to be swallowed whole or broken in half.

A tablet shaped like a capsule, made for easier swallowing.

An ingredient that increases the bulk of a tablet, adding volume without changing its medicinal properties.

An ingredient that holds tablet ingredients together, giving it structural integrity.

An ingredient that breaks the tablet into smaller parts when it comes into contact with liquids, helping it dissolve faster.

An ingredient that reduces friction during tablet production, allowing it to be easily pressed and ejected from the machine.

A method of granulating powders by compressing them into a solid block, then milling it to create granules. This method is used when heat-sensitive ingredients are present and direct compression is not possible.

A type of dry granulation where the powder is compressed into large tablets called slugs and then milled to create granules. This is more commonly done than the 'precompress' method.

A type of dry granulation where powdered material is compressed using pressure rollers to create a sheet, which is then milled to make granules.

A machine used to efficiently blend dry granules and powders homogeneously. It has a ribbon-shaped mixing element that moves through the container.

These blades rotate in the same direction along a horizontal axis, used for mixing powders and semi-solid materials.

This machine prevents ingredient segregation and improves compression characteristics of the mixture.

Used in granulation to dry the material, reaching the desired moisture content for tablet formulation granules.

A machine that mixes dry powders and granules homogenously. It has a cylindrical shell with two conical ends, rotating on its horizontal axis.