30 Questions
What is the definition of medicinal syrups?
Nearly saturated solutions of 85% sugar in water with dissolved medicinal substances
What are elixirs?
Clear, flavored oral liquids with one or more active ingredients dissolved in a vehicle containing a high proportion of sucrose or a suitable polyhydric alcohol
What are suspensions in liquid dosage forms?
Liquids containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle, with suspended solids that may slowly separate on keeping but are easily redispersed
What is an emulsion in liquid preparation?
A liquid preparation with immiscible liquids dispersed as minute globules in another liquid by adding an emulsifying agent
What is the purpose of purifying water in IPQC for liquid dosage forms?
To remove particles from the water
What are liquid orals in pharmaceutical dosage form?
Dosage forms in liquid form containing one or more active ingredients with or without additives dissolved in a suitable vehicle to be administered orally
What is the size range for nanoemulsions?
10-1000 nm
Which test uses the solubility of the external phase to differentiate between o/w and w/o emulsions?
Dilution test
What type of emulsion is indicated by a non-glowing bulb in the conductivity test?
w/o emulsion
What is the major stability problem that involves the upward or downward movement of floccules?
Creaming
What does a color change in the cobalt chloride test indicate?
The type of emulsion
What factor affects creaming in emulsions?
Density difference between phases
What is the purpose of the uniformity of volume test for oral liquids and suspensions?
To ensure consistent volume of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in each dose
What components are typically found in syrups?
Sweetening agents, antimicrobial preservatives, flavoring agents, colorants, alcohol, and purified water
What is the purpose of the light transmittance test for oral liquid pharmaceutical preparations?
To check the color of the liquid sample
Why is physical stability essential in syrups?
To prevent crystallization and microbial growth
What is the purpose of the viscosity measurement for syrups and elixirs?
To assess the stability of the solutions
What is the primary purpose of the assay in oral liquid pharmaceutical preparations?
To detect the strength of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
What is the process that leads to a shift in droplet size distribution to larger values over time?
Ostwald ripening
What causes irreversible damage to emulsions by causing fusion of globules and a reduction in their number and increased size?
Coalescence
What can lead to emulsion cracking?
Addition of opposite type emulsifying agents
What concentration of dispersed phase can lead to emulsion cracking?
Exceeding 74%
What type of instability includes oxidation, microbial contamination, and adverse storage conditions?
Chemical instability
How can oxidation of oils and fats in emulsions be controlled?
Antimicrobial agents and antioxidants
What instrument is used to measure impedance between electrodes to count particles for particle size determination?
Coulter counter apparatus
Which factor prevents sedimentation by depending on particle size, density of dispersed phase, and viscosity of the disperse medium?
Brownian movement of particles
What does sedimentation volume (F) represent in pharmaceutical suspensions?
Ratio of the ultimate volume of sediment to the original volume of suspension before settling
What is used to induce flocculation in pharmaceutical suspensions?
Electrolytes and detergents
What is the primary purpose of viscosity measurement in evaluating suspension stability?
To compare pre- and post-mixing viscosity to standard values for corrective action
What are the limitations of Stokes law for sedimentation?
Assumptions of diluted suspensions, spherical particles, and the absence of interference
Study Notes
Evaluation and Stability of Pharmaceutical Suspensions
- Viscosity measurement is crucial in evaluating suspension stability, with pre- and post-mixing viscosity compared to standard values for corrective action.
- Particle size determination is performed using optical microscopy and Coulter counter apparatus, with the Coulter counter instrument measuring impedance between electrodes to count particles.
- Brownian movement of particles prevents sedimentation, depending on particle size, density of dispersed phase, and viscosity of the disperse medium.
- Sedimentation in pharmaceutical suspensions is the settling of particles or floccules under gravitational force, with velocity expressed by Stoke’s equation.
- Limitations of Stokes law for sedimentation include assumptions of diluted suspensions, spherical particles, and the absence of interference.
- Stokes law is useful in preventing sedimentation by considering factors like particle size, viscosity of the medium, and density of the medium.
- Sedimentation volume (F) is a ratio of the ultimate volume of sediment to the original volume of suspension before settling, providing a qualitative account of flocculation.
- Inducing flocculation can be achieved through the use of flocculating agents, such as electrolytes and detergents.
- Viscosity measurement is crucial in evaluating suspension stability, with pre- and post-mixing viscosity compared to standard values for corrective action.
- Particle size determination is performed using optical microscopy and Coulter counter apparatus, with the Coulter counter instrument measuring impedance between electrodes to count particles.
- Brownian movement of particles prevents sedimentation, depending on particle size, density of dispersed phase, and viscosity of the disperse medium.
- Sedimentation in pharmaceutical suspensions is the settling of particles or floccules under gravitational force, with velocity expressed by Stoke’s equation.
Test your knowledge of pharmaceutical suspension evaluation and stability with this quiz. Explore topics such as viscosity measurement, particle size determination, sedimentation, Stokes law, and flocculation in pharmaceutical suspensions.
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