Pharmaceutical Suspension and Emulsion Evaluation Quiz

Syrup, elixirs, suspensions, and emulsions.

In medical terminology, medicinal syrups are nearly saturated solutions of 85% of sugar in water in which medicinal substances or drugs are dissolved.

An emulsion is defined as a dibasic or heterogeneous liquid preparation immiscible liquids which is dispersed as minute globules in another liquid by adding an emulsifying agent.

<p>The water is filtered and purified at the plant to destroy any micro-organisms and to remove particles from the water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of testing water is to ensure it is clean and pure before being used in the preparation of oral liquid pharmaceuticals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quality control technicians test the water for cleanliness and purity and conduct visual examinations to ensure the physical appearance of the products is good-looking and elegant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pH of oral liquid preparations must meet pharmacopoeial standards and limits to ensure their safety and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The assay is used to detect the strength of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the oral liquid preparations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The uniformity of volume test ensures that the oral liquids and suspensions have consistent volume measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syrups commonly contain sweetening agents, antimicrobial preservatives, flavoring agents, colorants, alcohol, and purified water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quality evaluation of syrups includes visual inspection, light transmission, pH measurement, and physical stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The light transmittance test is used to check the color of the liquid sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH adjustment is only required for medicated syrups, with a range of 3 to 6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical stability in syrups is essential to prevent crystallization and microbial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viscosity measurement is crucial as it directly relates to the stability of the solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The visual examination is conducted to ensure the physical appearance of the products is good-looking and elegant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viscosity measurement is crucial in evaluating suspension stability because it allows for the comparison of pre- and post-mixing viscosity with standard values, which helps in determining if corrective action is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particle size determination is performed using optical microscopy and Coulter counter apparatus, with the Coulter counter instrument measuring impedance between electrodes to count particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brownian movement of particles prevents sedimentation, depending on particle size, density of dispersed phase, and viscosity of the disperse medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedimentation in pharmaceutical suspensions is the settling of particles or floccules under gravitational force, with velocity expressed by Stoke’s equation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limitations of Stokes law for sedimentation include assumptions of diluted suspensions, spherical particles, and the absence of interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stokes law is useful in preventing sedimentation by considering factors like particle size, viscosity of the medium, and density of the medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedimentation volume (F) is a ratio of the ultimate volume of sediment to the original volume of suspension before settling, providing a qualitative account of flocculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inducing flocculation can be achieved through the use of flocculating agents, such as electrolytes and detergents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viscosity measurement is crucial in evaluating suspension stability because it allows for the comparison of pre- and post-mixing viscosity with standard values, which helps in determining if corrective action is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particle size determination is performed using optical microscopy and Coulter counter apparatus, with the Coulter counter instrument measuring impedance between electrodes to count particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brownian movement of particles prevents sedimentation, depending on particle size, density of dispersed phase, and viscosity of the disperse medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedimentation in pharmaceutical suspensions is the settling of particles or floccules under gravitational force, with velocity expressed by Stoke’s equation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macroemulsions (0.2 to 50 mm), nanoemulsions (10-1000 nm), and multiple/double emulsions (o/w/o, w/o/w)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nanoemulsions are kinetically stable, while microemulsions are thermodynamically stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conductivity test, dye solubility test, dilution test, cobalt chloride test, and fluorescence test</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O/w emulsion dilutes in water, while w/o emulsion dilutes in oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using water's ability to conduct electricity, resulting in a glowing bulb for o/w emulsion and a non-glowing bulb for w/o emulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It uses oil-soluble dye to differentiate based on the appearance of the continuous phase under a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To observe fluorescent droplets under ultraviolet radiation, indicating the type of emulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By dipping a filter paper soaked in cobalt chloride solution into the emulsion, with a color change indicating the type of emulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system in which globules retain their initial character and remain uniformly distributed throughout the continuous phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creaming refers to the upward or downward movement of floccules. Major stability problems include creaming, cracking, and phase inversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The aggregation of droplets into larger units without change in primary droplet size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Globule size, density difference between phases, and viscosity of the continuous phase. Reduction in globule size, decrease in density difference, and increase in viscosity decrease creaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emulsion stability is affected by factors such as uniform globule size distribution, viscosity, phase volume ratio, density of phases, Ostwald ripening, coalescence, addition of emulsifying agents, and phase inversion. These factors influence physical stability by determining the overall stability and shelf life of the emulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ostwald ripening, or disproportionation, occurs due to finite solubility of liquid phases and leads to a shift in droplet size distribution to larger values over time. This phenomenon affects emulsion stability by causing the coarsening of the emulsion droplets, which can lead to instability and phase separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coalescence results in irreversible damage to emulsions, causing fusion of globules and a reduction in their number and increased size. This process leads to instability by altering the overall structure and integrity of the emulsion, potentially resulting in phase separation and reduced stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors causing emulsion cracking include insufficient emulsifying agent, altered partitioning, incompatibilities, temperature changes, presence of microorganisms, addition of opposite type emulsifying agents, decomposition or precipitation of emulsifying agents, addition of common solvent, excess dispersed phase concentration, and prolonged creaming condition. These factors contribute to instability by disrupting the emulsion structure and promoting phase separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase inversion occurs due to the addition of substances altering emulsifying agent solubility or alterations in phase volume ratio. This phenomenon can lead to instability by causing a shift in the emulsion's structure and properties, potentially resulting in phase separation and reduced stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The types of chemical instability mentioned in the text include oxidation, microbial contamination, and adverse storage conditions. These forms of chemical instability can affect emulsion stability by causing degradation of the emulsion components and promoting instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The oxidation of oils and fats in emulsions can be controlled by using antimicrobial agents and antioxidants, which help prevent or slow down the oxidation process, thereby maintaining the stability of the emulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adverse storage conditions, such as temperature fluctuations and freezing of the aqueous phase, can lead to emulsion instability by promoting degradation, phase separation, and alterations in the emulsion's physical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniform globule size distribution maximizes stability by promoting a balanced distribution of droplet sizes, which helps prevent coalescence, phase separation, and instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopic examination is used to analyze globule size distribution, which is essential for evaluating the physical stability of emulsions. This technique allows for the assessment of droplet sizes and distributions, providing insights into the emulsion's stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The addition of opposite type emulsifying agents or anionic and cationic emulsifying agents in the same emulsion can lead to emulsion cracking, thereby affecting the stability and overall integrity of the emulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess dispersed phase concentration exceeding 74% can lead to emulsion cracking, as it disrupts the balance between the dispersed and continuous phases, potentially leading to instability and phase separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers