Pharmaceutical Substances and Their Classifications
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of Opium?

  • Agar
  • Capsules of Papaver somniferum L. (correct)
  • Honey
  • Gum Tragacanth

    • Which of the following is classified as a balsam?

  • Gelatin
  • Myrrh (correct)
  • Agar
  • Guar gum

    • Which type of drug classification includes Agar and Gelatin?

  • Gums
  • Extracts (correct)
  • Latex
  • Resins

    • Which of the following substances is NOT a type of gum?

    <p>Guggul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of oleo-gum-resins?

    <p>They contain both gum and balsam components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a saccharin derivative?

    <p>Bee venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug classification does Aloe fall under?

    <p>Juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Arabic acid hydrolysis yields L-arabinose?

    <p>L-arabinose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the oxidase enzyme present in certain pharmaceutical products?

    <p>It enhances the destruction of many pharmaceutical products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the water-insoluble fraction of Tragacanth composed of?

    <p>Bassorin, which contains about 5% methoxyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of condition is Tragacanth preferred for use?

    <p>Highly acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses of Tragacanth is incorrect?

    <p>Enhancing the effectiveness of oxidase enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary effects of morphine on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Acts as an antiperistaltic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is a known synthetic derivative of morphine?

    <p>Heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is commonly associated with both morphine and heroin usage?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes heroin particularly addictive compared to morphine?

    <p>Stronger lipophilic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for using morphine?

    <p>Chronic diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic use of codeine?

    <p>Cough suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the alkaloid papaverine?

    <p>Smooth muscle relaxant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is used to identify the presence of meconic acid in a powdered drug sample?

    <p>Adding ferric chloride solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is heroin typically administered to individuals?

    <p>Injected, snorted, or smoked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is produced when morphine is tested with formaldehyde and sulfuric acid?

    <p>Crimson red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agar-agar is primarily derived from which type of organism?

    <p>Red algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is NOT involved in the preparation of agar-agar?

    <p>Evaporating the residue to dryness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the red color developed upon adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the substance?

    <p>It remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component primarily composes agarose?

    <p>Galactose and 3,6 anhydrogalactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of filtering the agar extract when it is hot?

    <p>To remove impurities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these substances is an example of an extract?

    <p>Aloes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physical characteristic of latex based on the classification provided?

    <p>It is a liquid extract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is prepared by treating algae with boiling water?

    <p>Agar-agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary non-jelling fraction of agar-agar called?

    <p>Agaropectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does agar-agar powder turn when tested with N/50 iodine solution?

    <p>Crimson red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of agar-agar?

    <p>Clinical plasma substitute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gelatin primarily produced from?

    <p>Insoluble collagenous by-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is predominantly found in gelatin?

    <p>Glutin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when gelatin powder is mixed with soda lime?

    <p>Yields an ammonia odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gelatin is false?

    <p>It contains essential amino acids in sufficient quantities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pharmacy, gelatin is NOT used for which of the following purposes?

    <p>Preservative in ointments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a test for adulteration in gelatin?

    <p>Solution + mineral acids should produce no precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does agarose play in laboratory applications?

    <p>Used in electrophoresis and chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unorganized Drugs

    • Classified according to physical characteristics
    • Latex (e.g., Opium)
    • Extracts (e.g., Agar, Gelatin)
    • Juice (e.g., Aloes)
    • Gums (e.g., Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum)
    • Resin (e.g., Colophony)
    • Oleogumresin (e.g., Myrrh, Olibanum, Guggul, Asafoetida)
    • Balsams (e.g., Benzoin, Tolu balsam)
    • Saccharin derivatives (e.g., Honey, Bee propolis, Bee venom, Royal jelly)

    Opium

    • Air-dried latex from unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L.
    • Contains at least 10% morphine and 2% codeine.
    • Collection and preparation: Incisions are made in the capsules when green, using special knives (in the afternoon). The incision should not penetrate the interior of the capsules (the endocarp).
    • Exuded milky latex rapidly coagulates and turns brown.
    • Collection and preparation: Latex is collected in the early morning, scraped and shaped with poppy leaves.

    Notes

    • Opium: Mixture of alkaloids derived from Papaver somniferum.
    • Opiate: Natural narcotic alkaloids found in opium poppy plant (e.g., morphine, codeine).
    • Opioid: Natural or synthetic compounds with morphine-like action (e.g., enkephalins, endorphins).

    Alkaloids

    • Phenanthrene group (e.g., Morphine)
      • Effective pain killer (cancer, pre/post-anesthesia)
      • Antiperistaltic (constipation)
      • Respiratory depressant
      • Addictive
      • Pupil constrictor, slight temp drop, sweating
    • Heroin (Diacetylmorphine):
      • Highly addictive morphine substitute
      • Less respiratory depressant properties
      • Rapid dependence due to potent lipophilic properties that cross the blood-brain barrier
      • Administered by injection, snorting, or smoking

    Alkaloids Continued

    • Benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids (e.g., Papaverine)
      • Non-addictive
      • Smooth muscle relaxant (GIT, cough)
      • Cerebral and peripheral vasodilator
    • Phenyl alkyl amines (e.g., Narceine)
    • Codeine: Cough sedative (short duration)

    Tests

    • Meconic Acid:

      • To 1g powdered drug add 5ml water, shake for 5min, filter.
      • Add 0.25ml ferric chloride solution.
      • A red color develops that does not disappear with dilute hydrochloric acid.

    • Morphine:

      • Evaporate 1ml of the filtrate to dryness.
      • Add 1 drop of formaldehyde and 2 drops of sulfuric acid to the residue.
      • A crimson red color is produced.

    Extracts

    • Agar-agar (Japanese Isinglass):

      • Polysaccharides from Rhodophyceae (red algae), primarily Gelidium.
      • Collected from beaches, bleached, boiled, concetrated, dried and cut
      • Constituents: Agarose (neutral jelling), Agaropectin (non-jelling, affects viscosity)
      • Chemical tests: crimson red color with N/50 iodine solution; white precipitate with barium chloride.
      • Uses: Suspending, thickening and emulsifying agent; bulk laxative; bacteriological cultures; electrophoresis; chromatography

    • Gelatin:

      • Soluble protein produced from partial hydrolysis of collagenous byproducts like skin, bone and tendons of cattle and sheep.
      • Contains glutin, with 19 amino acids, but lacks essential amino acids, thus incomplete.
      • Should not contain chondrin .
      • Pharmaceutical uses: suppositories, tablets, hard gelatin capsules, suspending/stabilizing/thickening agent, microencapsulation, bacteriological culture medium.
      • Clinical uses: plasma substitute, hemostatic dressing.
      • Chemical tests: yields ammonia odour when powder is tested with soda lime, and white precipitate from tannic acid solution.

    Gums

    • Polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides produced by plants in reaction to injury or unfavorable growth conditions
    • Heterogenous polysaccharides that yield a mixture of sugars other than glucose and uronic acids when hydrolyzed.
    • Insoluble in organic solvents, but viscous or jelly-like in water
    • Gum Acacia:
      • Air-dried gummy exudate from Acacia senegal (family Leguminosae)
      • Constituents: Calcium salt of Arabic acid(Arabin), hydrolysis produces L-arabinose, D-galactose, D- glucuronic acid and L-rhamnose.
      • Uses: suspending agents, cough/cold/wound healing preparations, sore throat, catarrh, and diarrhea treatment.
    • Gum Tragacanth:
      • Air-dried gummy exudate from Astragalus gummifer (family Leguminosae)
      • Constituents: Water soluble fraction (Tragacanthin; no methoxyl groups), water insoluble fraction (Bassorin; ~5% methoxyl groups)
      • Uses: suspending & binding agent for tablets/cosmetics; highly viscous solutions; denture adhesives; acidic conditions.
    • Guar Gum:
      • Extracted from Cyamopsis tetragonolobus.
      • Polysaccharide (Galactomannan) that yields galactose and mannose on hydrolysis.
      • Uses: tablet binder, suspending agent; managing blood glucose; laxative.
      • Adverse reactions: flatulence; affecting absorption of concomitant drugs; esophageal obstruction.

    Juices

    • Fluid plant saps containing dissolved substances; usually located in cells (e.g., aloe) or cavities (e.g., orange)
    • Dried by evaporating water
    • Aloe:
      • Concentrated dried juice of leaves from various Aloe species (family Liliaceae)
      • Contains ≥28% hydroxyanthracene derivatives (e.g., barbaloin)
      • Preparation: leaves are cut transversely and juice is boiled for concentration.
      • Chemical tests: Bornträger test (aglycones give rose-red color), Modified Bornträger test, oxidative hydrolysis with FeCl3/HCl yields free aglycones.
      • Uses: stimulant laxative; carminative/antispasmodic; antiseptic/antibacterial; heals burns; treatment for respiratory conditions (e.g., as tincture combined with benzoin, aloes, & storax).

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    Lecture 2 Unorganised Drugs - PUA PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various pharmaceutical substances, including opium, tragacanth, and the classifications of different drug types. Test your knowledge on the characteristics, uses, and effects of these substances in the medical field. Perfect for students in pharmaceutical sciences.

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