Pharmaceutical Solutions Overview
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Pharmaceutical Solutions Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of discarding the first distillate portion during distillation?

  • To ensure a higher yield of distillate
  • To remove volatile impurities (correct)
  • To increase the boiling point of water
  • To prevent contamination of equipment

    • Which type of resin is responsible for the removal of cations like Ca++ and Mg++ in the ion exchange method?

  • Acidic resin (correct)
  • Neutral resin
  • Anion exchange resin
  • Basic resin

    • What is the primary mechanism by which reverse osmosis purifies water?

  • Using activated carbon to filter water
  • Heating water to evaporate impurities
  • Passing water through a semi-permeable membrane (correct)
  • Adding chemical agents to neutralize contaminants

    • In the ion exchange process, what does the cation exchange resin exchange with the water's cations?

    <p>Hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does alcohol serve when used as a co-solvent in water?

    <p>To increase the solubility of non-electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of solutions?

    <p>They consist of a solute fully dissolved in a solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classifications of solutions is based on their route of administration?

    <p>Oral, In mouth &amp; throat, In body orifices, On body surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of pharmaceutical solutions compared to solid dosage forms?

    <p>They are less stable and more prone to contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When preparing a solution using the simple solution method, what is the first step?

    <p>Dissolve solid ingredients in a portion of the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of calcium hydroxide solution?

    <p>As a mild antacid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used for preparing pharmaceutical solutions other than simple solution?

    <p>Solution by chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for maintaining the solubility of calcium hydroxide in solution?

    <p>Storage in a cold place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of solutions allows for more precise dosing compared to suspensions?

    <p>Solutions do not require shaking before use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is potassium iodide added to iodine in Lugol's Solution?

    <p>To form a polyiodide complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of water is categorized as sterile and pyrogen-free?

    <p>Water for Injection (WFI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of pharmaceutical solutions specifically noted for pediatric and geriatric patients?

    <p>Solutions are easier to swallow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using freshly boiled and cooled water as a pharmaceutical vehicle?

    <p>It can affect active ingredients due to salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solution is characterized by being used primarily for oral administration?

    <p>Syrups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of purified water regarding microbiological content?

    <p>It is free from micro-organisms, ions, and salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of viscosity modifiers in pharmaceutical preparations?

    <p>To increase the viscosity of a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is iodine made soluble for uses such as treatment of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>As a tri-iodide complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of hydroalcoholic solutions using ethyl alcohol?

    <p>Has a preservative effect that is effective in concentrations greater than 10-12%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds can reduce the effectiveness of esters as preservatives?

    <p>Presence of alkaline media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sweetening agent is the most commonly used?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why tap water is not used as a pharmaceutical vehicle?

    <p>It may be contaminated and contain dissolved salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has properties that make it incompatible with anionic compounds?

    <p>Benzalkonium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is essential for effective penetration of a compound through the cell membrane of microorganisms?

    <p>The compound must be in its unionized form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alcohol is known for having no water content and a greater range of solvent power?

    <p>Absolute alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial characteristic of glycerin in pharmaceutical solutions?

    <p>It can dissolve both active and inert ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is classified as an isotonicity modifier?

    <p>Sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ideal feature of stabilizers used in pharmaceutical solutions?

    <p>They should be non-toxic and effective at low concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal preservative?

    <p>Effective only against specific strains of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solvent mentioned is considered toxic and is used externally only?

    <p>Isopropyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of buffers in pharmaceutical solutions?

    <p>To enable the solution to resist changes in pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmaceutical Solutions

    • Pharmaceutical solutions are homogenous liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substances (solutes) dissolved in a suitable solvent (vehicle).
    • Solutions are classified based on: solvent type (aqueous vs. non-aqueous), use (internal vs. external), and route of administration.
    • Oral solutions include syrups, aromatic waters, elixirs, spirits, and oleo vitamins.
    • Solutions offer advantages over solid dosage forms, providing easier swallowing, more rapid action, and uniform drug distribution.
    • Compared to suspensions, solutions do not require shaking and offer more accurate dosing.
    • Disadvantages of solutions include difficulty masking bad taste, bulkiness, reliance on accurate measurement, and less stability compared to solid dosage forms.

    Methods of Preparation

    • Simple solutions are prepared by directly dissolving solutes in the solvent.
    • Chemical reaction solutions are formed by reacting solutes in a suitable solvent, often to increase solubility.
    • Extraction solutions, also known as Galenicals, are derived from natural sources like plants or animals, using a selective solvent for extraction.

    Solvents

    • Water: The most common vehicle, used for oral and topical solutions. It's tasteless, odorless, cheap, non-irritating, and has no pharmacological activity.
    • Purified Water: Free from microorganisms, ions, and salts, but not sterile.
    • Water for Injection (WFI): Sterile, pyrogen-free purified water, used for parenterals and eye drops.
    • Freshly boiled and cooled water: Kills microorganisms (not spores), but contains salts and ions, and must be used immediately.
    • Tap water: Not suitable for pharmaceutical preparations due to contamination and dissolved salts.
    • Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol): Used as a co-solvent to increase solubility, preservative (>10-12%), and solvent in extraction.
    • Absolute alcohol (dehydrated alcohol): Free from water, used in research and analysis.
    • Isopropyl alcohol: Toxic, used externally in liniments and lotions.
    • Glycerin: Excellent solvent, preservative in high concentrations, not selective in extraction.
    • Propylene glycol: A substitute for glycerin.

    Solution Additives

    • Buffers: Maintain pH stability, important for solutions applied to mucous membranes.
    • Isotonicity modifiers: Ensure solutions are isotonic with tissue fluids to avoid pain and irritation.
    • Stabilizers (Antioxidants): Prevent oxidation of sensitive ingredients, especially those containing vitamins, essential oils, or fats.
    • Preservatives: Prevent contamination by microorganisms, essential for solutions susceptible to spoilage. They should be effective, non-toxic, soluble in the solvent, and usually act in their unionized form.
    • Viscosity modifiers: Increase viscosity for skin, ear, or eye preparations.
    • Sweetening agents: Mask unpleasant taste, including natural sweeteners like sugar, artificial sweeteners, and polyhydric alcohols.
    • Coloring agents: Used for external applications to warn against swallowing, like in mouthwashes.
    • Flavouring agents: Mask unpleasant taste, adding a pleasant flavor to the solution.

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    Pharmaceutics I Lecture 1 - Introduction to Solutions PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of pharmaceutical solutions, including their classification, advantages, and methods of preparation. You will explore different types of oral solutions and the challenges associated with them. Test your knowledge of how these solutions are produced and their applications in medicine.

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