Pharmaceutical Solutions Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of oral rehydration solutions?

To provide nutrients for weight gain

To stimulate appetite in patients

To prevent dehydration by replacing lost fluids and electrolytes (correct)

To act as a laxative during constipation

What is one of the key components present in oral rehydration solutions?

Excessive sugar

45 mEq Na+ per liter (correct)

Dietary fiber

High levels of protein

Which pharmaceutical solution is used to prepare the bowel for procedures like colonoscopy?

Syrup

Aromatic water

Oral colonic lavage solution (correct)

Mucilage

What is the primary function of glucose in oral rehydration solutions?

To promote sodium absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a sweet aqueous solution?

Mouthwash Signup and view all the answers

What role does potassium play in oral rehydration solutions?

It helps in sodium balance and muscle function Signup and view all the answers

Which component is actively absorbed from the small intestine and is vital for fluid absorption?

Dextrose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of oral solutions?

They can be compounded from bulk ingredients Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using talc as a distributing agent in peppermint water preparation?

Can cause the solution to become cloudy Signup and view all the answers

How much peppermint oil is typically dissolved in the dilution process for aromatic waters?

20 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Polyethylene Glycol 3350 in the solution?

Functions as an osmotic agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of talc in the preparation of peppermint water?

As a filter aid and distributing agent Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is used to provide flavor for the magnesium citrate oral solution?

Lemon Oil Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is considered inferior for preparing aromatic water?

Solubilizing agents method Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the balanced electrolyte concentration in the solution?

Results in no net absorption or secretion of ions Signup and view all the answers

What can cause aromatic water to deteriorate easily?

Exposure to light and heat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is NOT part of preparing the magnesium citrate oral solution?

Heating the solution to enhance carbonation Signup and view all the answers

What happens if soluble salt is added to aromatic water during preparation?

Causes salting out of the oil Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to store the magnesium citrate solution in airtight containers?

To prevent loss of carbonation Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage condition for aromatic waters?

In airtight and light-resistant containers at a cool place Signup and view all the answers

What is the final volume of the magnesium citrate oral solution after preparation?

350 mL Signup and view all the answers

Which concentration of solubilizing agents like Polysorbate can lead to undesirable effects?

More than 2% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the storage conditions for the magnesium citrate solution?

In airtight containers in a cold place Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises immediately from the carbonation process of the magnesium citrate solution?

Loss of CO2 or solution occurs rapidly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of dry mixtures for reconstitution?

They require mixing with a solvent immediately before use. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT used to provide sweetness and viscosity in aqueous solutions?

Minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a simple syrup?

It has a high concentration of sucrose. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the concentration of syrup approaches saturation?

Crystallization of sucrose may occur. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the specific gravity of syrup?

It is measured with a hydrometer. Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is likely to be present in a medicated syrup?

Glycerol Signup and view all the answers

What is the shelf-life stability of reconstituted dry mixtures when stored in the refrigerator?

7 to 14 days Signup and view all the answers

Why might microbial growth be less in high-concentration syrups?

Higher sugar concentrations prevent water absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of steam distillation?

It is slow and expensive. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of cohobation?

Returning the distillate to the still with fresh drug portions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended drug to distillate ratio for dried cinnamon?

1:10 Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to wet the filter paper when filtering a saturated solution?

To prevent the passage of excess oil into the filtrate. Signup and view all the answers

For dried leaf drugs like peppermint, what is the recommended drug to distillate ratio during distillation?

3:10 Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the solution method involves ensuring saturation?

Setting the mixture aside for a period. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of excess solute in creating a saturated solution?

To promote a higher concentration of essential oils. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of distillation, what do the terms 'double distilled', 'triple distilled', and 'quadruple distilled' indicate?

The number of times the distillation is repeated. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Internal Aqueous Solutions

Internal aqueous solutions are a type of pharmaceutical solution that is taken orally, usually in liquid form.
These solutions can be dispensed commercially prepared, diluted, reconstituted, or compounded from bulk ingredients.
Factors to consider when preparing oral solutions include the solubility and stability of the medicinal agents and the solvents employed.

Examples of Oral Solutions

Oral Rehydration Solutions

Used for treatment of diarrhea.
Replaces fluids and electrolytes lost due to diarrhea to prevent dehydration.
Contains 45 mEq Na+, 20 mEq K+, 35 mEq Cl-, 30 mEq citrate, and 25 g of dextrose per liter.
Glucose actively absorbed from the small intestine coupled with sodium absorption promoting water absorption.

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

Used for bowel preparation before procedures like a colonoscopy.
Contains polyethylene glycol 3350, sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride.
The balanced electrolyte concentration minimizes changes in electrolyte balance during administration.

Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution (Citrate of Magnesia)

A saline cathartic prepared by reacting magnesium carbonate with citric acid.
Contains magnesium carbonate, citric acid, syrup, talc, lemon oil, potassium bicarbonate, and purified water.
The solution is flavored and sweetened with lemon oil and syrup, carbonated with potassium bicarbonate, and packaged in bottles similar to carbonated beverages.
Stored in airtight containers in a cold place, preferably in a refrigerator.

Dry Mixtures for Solution (Powder for Reconstitution)

Used for medications that are unstable in aqueous solution for extended shelf-life periods, such as antibiotics.
Mixtures contain drug, flavorant, colorant, and buffers.
Reconstituted with solvent, typically water, and stored in the refrigerator for 7 to 14 days after reconstitution.
Examples include Cloxacillin Sodium, Nafcillin Sodium, Oxacilln Sodium, Penicillin V Potassium, and Potassium Chloride.

Sweet or Other Viscid Aqueous Solutions

Sweetness and viscosity are achieved using sugars, polyols, or polysaccharides.
Examples include syrups, mucilages, jellies, and juices.

Syrups

Concentrated sugar solution in water or other aqueous liquids.
Can be simple syrup, medicated syrup, or flavored syrup.
Simple syrup is a concentrated solution of sugar in water.
Medicated syrups contain drugs.
Flavored syrups contain aromatic or flavorful substances and no drug.
Syrup concentration is typically 66.7% w/w (British Pharmacopoeia) or 85% w/v (United States Pharmacopeia).
High sugar concentration prevents microbial growth but can lead to crystallization if diluted or exposed to changing temperatures.

Aromatic Waters

Solutions of volatile substances (essential oils) in water.
Used as flavoring agents and for their therapeutic properties.
Preparation methods include distillation, solution, alternate solution, dilution, and solubilizing agents.
Susceptible to mold growth and oily taste (in high concentrations of solubilizing agents).
Deteriorate easily due to volatilization, decomposition, or mold growth.
Should be prepared in small quantities and stored in airtight, light-resistant containers in a cool place.
Preservatives are not allowed as they may interfere with therapeutic properties.

Distillation Method (for aromatic water)

Involves steam distillation of the drug.
This method is slow and expensive but produces the highest quality aromatic water.

Solution Method (for aromatic water)

The volatile substance (essential oil) is dissolved in water.
An excess of the solute is used for a saturated solution.
This method is less expensive but requires longer time for saturation.

Alternate Solution Method (for aromatic water)

Uses talc as a filter aid and distributing agent.
Improves the rate of saturation and clarity of the solution.

Dilution Process (for aromatic water)

Concentrates are diluted with water.
This method is convenient but produces inferior quality aromatic water than distillation or solution methods.

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Description

This quiz explores internal aqueous solutions, focusing on oral formulations. It covers aspects such as preparation factors, rehydration solutions, and bowel preparation solutions. Test your knowledge on the composition and purpose of various oral solutions.