20 Questions
What are syrups traditionally composed of?
Purified water and sugar or sugar substitutes
Why may the use of acidic syrups result in reduced chemical stability for acid-labile therapeutic agents?
Due to decreased solubility of the therapeutic agents
Why is it important to ensure that the therapeutic agent is soluble within the syrup base?
To prevent the precipitation of the drug substance
What is one of the most popular non-sucrose bases used in some formulations of oral syrups?
Sorbitol
What are the three principal types of solution formulations that are administered orally?
Oral solutions, oral syrups, oral elixirs
What is the usual pH of oral solutions?
pH 7.0
Why have many products been formulated as medicated sugar-free syrups?
To avoid cariogenic properties of sucrose
Which class of excipients is used to affect the pourability of oral solutions?
Viscosity-modifying agents
What are the primary colors used in the formulation of oral solutions?
Colors should be selected to complement the flavor
What is the purpose of using water-soluble antioxidants in oral solutions?
To prevent oxidation of the therapeutic agent
Which of the following is not a class of excipients used in the formulation of oral solutions?
Sweeteners
What is the typical pH range for oral solutions, unless there are issues regarding the solubility or stability of the therapeutic agent?
6.0 - 8.0
Which type of oral solution is administered to the gastrointestinal tract to provide systemic absorption of the therapeutic agent?
Oral solutions
What is one of the primary colors used in the formulation of oral solutions?
Yellow
Which class of excipients is used to affect the pourability of oral solutions?
Viscosity-modifying agents
What is the purpose of the high concentration of sucrose in traditional syrups?
To increase the sweetness and viscosity without the need for additional sweetening agents or viscosity-modifying agents
Why must syrup substitutes provide an equivalent sweetness, viscosity, and preservation to the original syrups?
To achieve consistency in oral syrup formulations
What is a major consideration in choosing the syrup vehicle for incorporating therapeutic agents?
Physical stability of the therapeutic agent in the syrup base
What may be required when the concentration of sucrose in a syrup is reduced from the upper limit?
Addition of preservatives
Why are some products formulated as medicated sugar-free syrups?
To address concerns about glycogenetic and cariogenic properties of sucrose
Study Notes
Composition of Syrups
- Traditionally, syrups are composed of sugar, water, and other additives.
Chemical Stability
- Acidic syrups can reduce the chemical stability of acid-labile therapeutic agents.
Solubility of Therapeutic Agents
- It is crucial to ensure that the therapeutic agent is soluble within the syrup base.
Non-Sucrose Bases
- One popular non-sucrose base used in some formulations of oral syrups is sorbitol.
Types of Oral Solution Formulations
- The three principal types of solution formulations administered orally are syrups, elixirs, and solutions.
pH of Oral Solutions
- The usual pH of oral solutions is between 4 and 8.
Sugar-Free Syrups
- Many products are formulated as medicated sugar-free syrups to cater to diabetic patients or those who require a reduced sugar intake.
- Sugar-free syrups provide an equivalent sweetness, viscosity, and preservation to the original syrups.
Excipients in Oral Solutions
- The class of excipients used to affect the pourability of oral solutions is rheology modifiers.
- Water-soluble antioxidants are used to prevent oxidation and spoilage of the therapeutic agent.
- Red and yellow are the primary colors used in the formulation of oral solutions.
Oral Solution Formulations
- The typical pH range for oral solutions is between 4 and 8, unless there are issues regarding the solubility or stability of the therapeutic agent.
- Systemic absorption of the therapeutic agent is achieved through oral solutions administered to the gastrointestinal tract.
Syrup Vehicles
- A major consideration in choosing the syrup vehicle is ensuring the therapeutic agent is soluble and stable within the vehicle.
- When the concentration of sucrose in a syrup is reduced from the upper limit, additional preservatives may be required.
- Some products are formulated as medicated sugar-free syrups due to the high caloric content of traditional syrups.
Sucrose in Traditional Syrups
- The high concentration of sucrose in traditional syrups serves as a preservative, adds sweetness, and enhances the texture.
Test your knowledge about the different types of pharmaceutical solutions used for oral administration, including oral solutions, oral syrups, and oral elixirs. Learn about their properties, uses, and administration.
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