Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II Lab Manual
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Questions and Answers

What type of glassware is primarily used for holding, mixing, or heating small quantities of chemicals?

  • Test tubes (correct)
  • Flasks
  • Graduated cylinders
  • Beakers

Which glassware is specifically designed for measuring a precise volume of fluid?

  • Reagent bottle
  • Burette
  • Graduated cylinder
  • Volumetric flask (correct)

Which of the following glassware items is specifically used to condense vapors back into liquids?

  • Evaporating dish
  • Condenser (correct)
  • Jars
  • Desiccators

What is the primary use of stirring rods in the laboratory?

<p>To mix chemicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glassware item has a valve at the end and is used for precise liquid dispensation?

<p>Burette (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the experiment?

<p>To perform recrystallization of Aspirin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is being used for the recrystallization of Aspirin?

<p>Double solvent method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analytical outcome is expected at the end of the experiment?

<p>Calculation of % yield (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the recrystallization process is crucial to ensure purity?

<p>The choice of solvent used (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recrystallization, why are multiple solvents generally used?

<p>To allow for selective solubility at different temperatures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first experiment listed in the laboratory manual?

<p>Introduction to laboratory Techniques &amp; glassware (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which safety rule specifically addresses the handling of chemicals?

<p>Never touch chemicals with your hands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed through the experiment comparing melting points of recrystallized and pure Benzoic Acid?

<p>The purity of Benzoic Acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the stationary phase in thin layer chromatography (TLC)?

<p>To provide a medium for separation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property distinguishes the mobile phase from the stationary phase in TLC?

<p>The mobile phase can vary to fine-tune properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the NFPA diamond label indicate?

<p>Flammability, reactivity, and health concerns of reagents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the retardation factor (Rf) represent in the context of TLC?

<p>The ratio of distances traveled by solvent and solute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment involves derivative preparation from citric acid?

<p>To prepare Calcium Citrate from Citric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT one of the basic safety rules mentioned?

<p>Always read the MSDS before use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common technique for visualizing spots on a TLC plate?

<p>Using UV light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is used to determine the purity of recrystallized Aspirin?

<p>Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is often used to detect amino acids in TLC?

<p>Ninhydrin Reagent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory technique is primarily focused on purification?

<p>Performing recrystallization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What range can the Rf value take in chromatography?

<p>0 to 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of solvent is typically used with silica gel in TLC?

<p>Non-polar solvent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method mentioned for visualizing results on a TLC plate?

<p>Colorimetric assay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the procedure described?

<p>Dissolve solid Tartaric acid in 1ml of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected observation after shaking the mixture for 2-3 minutes?

<p>A white color precipitate forms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the procedure described for preparing Calcium Tartrate?

<p>Add solid citric acid and water, then shake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the precipitate formed after shaking the mixture?

<p>Filter, wash, and dry it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the maximum temperature when heating the mixture?

<p>70 ℃ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Calcium Chloride solution used in the procedure?

<p>To promote precipitation of the compound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is used in the reaction that is specifically aimed at preparing a derivative?

<p>2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions is used after adding water in the preparation of Calcium Tartrate?

<p>10% ammonium hydroxide solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected result after the mixture has been heated for 2-3 minutes?

<p>White color precipitate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ammonium hydroxide play in the procedure?

<p>It helps in creating the precipitate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the procedure?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Calcium Chloride solution play in this process?

<p>It provides the calcium ion needed for the precipitate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the primary objective of Experiment No. 10?

<p>To prepare a 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound is Tartaric Acid classified as in this context?

<p>Carboxylic acid derivative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could negatively impact the precipitation of Calcium Tartrate?

<p>Heating the solution above 70 ℃ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intermediate step is missing before adding Calcium Chloride solution?

<p>Shaking the mixture well after ammonium hydroxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Beakers

Simple cylindrical containers used for holding reagents or samples.

Flasks

Narrow-necked glass containers, often conical or spherical, used to hold reagents or samples.

Graduated Cylinders

Thin and tall cylindrical containers for accurate volume measurements.

Volumetric Flasks

Glassware used for accurately measuring specific volumes of liquids.

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Burettes

Similar to graduated cylinders, burettes have a valve at the end for dispensing precise liquid reagent amounts especially for titrations.

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Recrystallization

A purification technique used to separate a desired compound from impurities by selectively dissolving it in a solvent.

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Double Solvent Technique

A recrystallization method using two solvents with differing polarities to dissolve and then precipitate the desired compound.

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Aspirin

A common analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid.

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Percent Yield

The ratio of the actual amount of product obtained to the theoretical amount that could be produced, expressed as a percentage.

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Calculate % Yield

Determining the percentage of the product obtained based on the theoretical amount expected.

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Stationary Phase

The adsorbent layer on a TLC plate, where the analytes are separated based on their affinity.

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Mobile Phase

The solvent that travels up a TLC plate via capillary action, carrying the analytes with it.

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Capillary Action

The upward movement of a liquid in a narrow space due to surface tension and adhesion forces.

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Retention Factor (Rf)

A ratio that compares the distance traveled by an analyte to the total distance traveled by the mobile phase on a TLC plate.

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Rf Value Range

The Rf value always falls between 0 and 1, representing the fraction of the total distance traveled by the solvent.

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Visualizing Spots on TLC

Techniques used to make the separated compounds visible on a TLC plate, often using UV light or stains.

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UV Light Visualization

A technique where a TLC plate with a phosphor is exposed to UV light, revealing dark spots where compounds absorb the light.

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Iodine Staining for Carbohydrates

A technique where iodine vapor reacts with carbohydrates on a TLC plate, turning them black.

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Lab Safety Goggles

Protective eyewear worn during experiments to safeguard your eyes from chemical splashes, fumes, or projectiles.

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Chemical Labels

Labels found on reagent bottles that provide essential information about the chemical, such as its name, formula, hazards, storage instructions, and disposal guidelines.

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MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet – a document providing comprehensive information about a chemical's properties, hazards, and safe handling procedures.

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NFPA Diamond

A standardized label used to quickly communicate the degree of flammability, reactivity, health hazards, and other potential dangers associated with a chemical.

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Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid transitions into a liquid state. It's a characteristic property used to identify and assess the purity of a compound.

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TLC

Thin Layer Chromatography – a separation technique that uses a thin layer of adsorbent material to separate different components of a mixture based on their affinity for the stationary phase.

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Derivatization

The process of converting a compound into a derivative with different chemical properties to facilitate its identification, purification, or analysis.

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Calcium Tartrate

A white solid precipitate formed when Calcium Chloride reacts with Tartaric Acid in an alkaline environment.

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Tartaric Acid

A dicarboxylic acid found naturally in grapes and other fruits, used in food and pharmaceuticals.

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Carboxylic Acid Derivative

A compound formed by replacing the hydroxyl group (OH) of a carboxylic acid with another functional group.

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Ammonium Hydroxide

A weak base used to create an alkaline environment for the reaction.

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Calcium Chloride

A salt that combines with tartaric acid to form calcium tartrate.

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Reaction Conditions

Optimal conditions for the formation of calcium tartrate, including the use of water, ammonium hydroxide, and controlled heating.

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Precipitate

A solid compound formed during a chemical reaction that separates out of the solution.

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Alkaline Environment

A basic solution with a pH greater than 7, crucial for the reaction to occur.

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2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Derivative

A yellow to orange crystalline precipitate formed when a carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone) reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent. This reaction helps identify the presence of aldehydes and ketones.

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Carbonyl Compound

A molecule containing a carbonyl group (C=O) which is a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. This group is found in aldehydes and ketones.

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Aldehyde

A carbonyl compound with the carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain. The general structure is R-CHO.

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Ketone

A carbonyl compound with the carbonyl group located within the carbon chain. The general structure is R-CO-R'.

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2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Reagent

A compound used to detect the presence of aldehydes and ketones. It reacts with these compounds to form a colored precipitate.

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Reaction

A process where one or more substances are converted into a new substance(s) with different chemical properties. It involves breaking and forming new bonds.

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Identify Aldehydes and Ketones

The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test helps distinguish between aldehydes and ketones by forming a colored precipitate. This helps characterize the presence of these carbonyl compounds.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II Lab Manual

  • This is a lab manual for Pharm D 2nd semester students.
  • The manual is prepared by Dr. Rabia Mehtab.
  • The manual covers experiments in Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II.
  • Includes a list of experiments, lab safety rules, and basic lab techniques.
  • Discusses methods of purification like recrystallization, sublimation, chromatography, extraction, and distillation.
  • Provides details on chemical lab safety, including NFPA Diamond Label and MSDS information.
  • Details methods for performing experiments such as transferring liquids, mixing liquids, and filtering mixtures.
  • Explanations involving lab techniques like chromatography (TLC).
  • Includes practical instructions for determining melting points of substances.
  • Provides information on different types of glassware used in lab.
  • Experiments covering the preparation of organic compounds and their derivatives.
  • Includes blank pages for students to record their results from experiments like experiments 2 – 13.

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Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II Lab Manual PDF

Description

This lab manual is tailored for Pharm D 2nd semester students, created by Dr. Rabia Mehtab. It includes essential laboratory techniques, safety rules, and details on various purification methods in Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II. Students will find practical instructions and space for recording their experimental results.

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