Pharmaceutical Instrumental Analysis I
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the PHC 429 course?

  • Instrumental Analysis in Pharmaceutical Research
  • Modern Instrumental Analytical Techniques (correct)
  • Pharmaceutical Instrumental Analysis I
  • Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry

    • What is the prerequisite course for PHC 429?

  • Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
  • Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry (correct)
  • Instrumental Analysis
  • Pharmaceutical Instrumental Analysis II

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of titration?

  • Precipitation titration
  • Acid-base titration
  • Gravimetric titration (correct)
  • Redox titration

    • What is the title of the textbook by Galen Ewing?

    <p>Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the second textbook mentioned?

    <p>Instrumental Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of spectroscopic method?

    <p>Conductometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary classification of analytical techniques?

    <p>Qualitative and Quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an electrochemical method?

    <p>Conductometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of transition associated with the overall rotation of the molecule?

    <p>Rotational transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy range of rotational transitions compared to electronic transitions?

    <p>1:10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation is absorbed by a molecule undergoing a rotational transition?

    <p>Microwave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total energy of a molecule comprising of electronic, vibrational, and rotational energies?

    <p>E total = E electronic + E vibrational + E rotational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of transition associated with the motion of atoms within the molecule?

    <p>Vibrational transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation is absorbed by a molecule undergoing a vibrational transition?

    <p>Infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of conjugation on the maximum wavelength?

    <p>An increase in maximum wavelength (red shift)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pH on the absorption spectrum of aniline?

    <p>A hypsochromic shift with a hypochromic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum wavelength of -C=C-C=C-?

    <p>326 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy required for a photon to give a specific transition in a molecule?

    <p>$E = h \nu$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of protonation of the amino group on the absorption spectrum of aniline?

    <p>The spectrum becomes similar to that of benzene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of the molecule after absorbing energy from EMR?

    <p>Excited state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of double bonds and the maximum wavelength?

    <p>An increase in the number of double bonds results in an increase in maximum wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the excited state of a molecule before it relaxes to its ground state?

    <p>10-6-10-9 S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the energy of the excited state and the ground state of a molecule?

    <p>$E1 - Eo$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum wavelength of aniline in acid medium?

    <p>254 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spectroscopy is used to study the interaction of molecules with radiowaves?

    <p>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a molecule returns to its ground state after being excited?

    <p>Relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the proportionality constant 'K' represent in the equation Log Io / I = K C?

    <p>A constant value for a specific solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of concentration 'C' in the equation Log Io / I = a b C?

    <p>g/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between absorbance 'A' and the concentration 'C' of the absorbing solute?

    <p>A is directly proportional to C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum absorptivity of a solute at a specific wavelength?

    <p>εmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Beer's law and Lambert's law?

    <p>Beer's law relates to the path length of the light, while Lambert's law relates to the concentration of the solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the symbol 'b' in the equation Log Io / I = a b C?

    <p>It represents the path length of the light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of absorptivity 'a' in the equation Log Io / I = a b C?

    <p>L/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expression for absorbance 'A' when the concentration 'c' is expressed in g/100 mL?

    <p>A = a1c b c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course ID: PHC 429
    • Course Name: Pharmaceutical Instrumental Analysis I
    • Number of Credits: 1+1
    • Prerequisites: Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry

    Instrumental Analysis Techniques

    • Quantitative techniques:
      • Volumetric analysis
      • Gravimetric analysis
      • Instrumental analysis
    • Qualitative techniques:
      • Organic analysis
      • In-organic analysis
      • Instrumental analysis

    Spectroscopic Methods

    • Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
    • Fluorescence Spectroscopy
    • Atomic absorption Spectroscopy
    • Atomic emission Spectroscopy
    • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
    • Mass Spectrometry
    • X-Ray Spectroscopy

    Electrochemical Methods

    • Potentiometry
    • Conductometry

    Optical Methods

    • Polarimetry
    • UV (Ultraviolet) - VIS spectrophotometry
    • Visible light (Vis)
    • IR (Infrared) - IR-spectroscopy
    • Microwaves - Microwave spectroscopy
    • Radiowaves - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

    Molecular Response to Radiation

    • Molecules can absorb light energy in three ways:
      • Rotational transition
      • Vibrational transition
      • Electronic transition
    • E total = E electronic + E vibrational + E rotational
    • Relative energies: 10,000 : 100 : 1

    Rotational Transition

    • Associated with the overall rotation of the molecule
    • Example: microwave irradiation

    Vibrational Transition

    • Associated with the motion of atoms within the molecule
    • Example: IR radiation
    • Factors affecting absorption of radiant energy:
      • Affect of absorbing groups (or Chromophores) and conjugation
      • Effect of pH on absorption spectra

    Factors Affecting Absorption Spectrum

    • (a) Affect of absorbing groups (or Chromophores) and conjugation:
      • Conjugation occurs when two chromophores are separated by a single bond
      • Example: -C=C- , -C=C-C=C- , -C=C-C=C-C=C- , -C=C-C=C-C=C-C=C-
    • (b) Effect of pH on absorption spectra:
      • Example: Aniline (NH2) in acid medium (HCl) shows hypsochromic shift with hypochromic effect

    Laws of Light Absorption

    • Beer's - Lambert's Law:
      • Relates absorption capacity to the thickness of an absorbing solute (path length of light) and the concentration
      • Log Io / I = a b C
      • A = abC (absorbance)
      • a = absorptivity, b = light path length (in cm), C = concentration (in g/L)
    • Expressions of absorptivity (a) and Molar absorptivity (ε)
      • A = εb c (if concentration is expressed in molar solution)
      • ε at lmax is called εmax

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    Description

    This course provides an introduction to instrumental analysis in pharmaceutical sciences, covering techniques and applications. It builds on the foundation of pharmaceutical analytical chemistry and is a crucial part of the pharmaceutical industry. Students will learn about various instrumental methods and their uses.

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