Pharmaceutical Formulations Quiz

The study of how the body affects a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

The study of how a drug affects the body, including its mechanism of action and its effects on various tissues and organs.

The process by which a drug is released from its dosage form and becomes available for absorption.

The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from the site of administration.

The process by which a drug is distributed throughout the body to different tissues and organs.

The process by which a drug is broken down into inactive metabolites by enzymes in the body.

The process by which a drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body.

The concentration of a drug in plasma over time, visualized as a graph.

The tendency of a molecule to dissolve in lipids or fats.

A measure of the relative solubility of a compound in two immiscible phases, typically water and octanol. It shows how readily a drug moves from water to a lipid environment.

The branch of chemistry that deals with the properties and reactions of acids and bases.

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. It indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.

The negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant (Ka). It indicates the strength of an acid. A lower pKa means a stronger acid.

Substances that can conduct electricity when dissolved in a solvent. They often dissociate into ions in solution.

Solutions that resist changes in pH. They contain a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

The chemical reactions that occur in a drug formulation. The rate and extent of these changes affect the stability and effectiveness of the medication.

The outermost layer of the eye, responsible for protecting the eye and providing a transparent window for light to enter.

A disease of the cornea, the transparent front part of the eye, that can cause clouding or scarring.

The process by which a drug is absorbed from the site of administration into the bloodstream.

The main route for ocular drug absorption, where the drug passes through the cornea into the bloodstream.

A route of ocular drug absorption where the drug passes through the conjunctiva and sclera, but much of it is lost into the blood stream.

The annual revenue of a drug exceeding $1 billion. It's a significant milestone for pharmaceutical companies.

When a drug loses its blockbuster status, its annual revenue falls below $1 billion. This could happen due to several factors.

The ability of a drug to maintain its price and stay competitive in the market. It's essential for long-term profitability.

When a drug's patent expires, generic versions can enter the market, increasing competition and lowering prices.

A competitor might introduce a similar drug with better efficacy or a lower price, impacting the original drug's sales.

The process by which a drug becomes widely used, typically driven by strong marketing and clinical evidence. It's crucial for gaining market share.

Comirnaty (Pfizer and BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine) reached unprecedented sales figures, surpassing $36.8 billion in 2021.

The transition of the pandemic into an endemic stage leads to a decrease in demand for COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, impacting their sales figures.

Uncoated tablets that react with water to release carbon dioxide, creating a fizzy drink.

Dosage form where an ingredient is enclosed in a gelatin or Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose shell.

Solid, dry particles of medication often packed in sachets, dissolved in water before taking.

Dosage form that dissolves or disintegrates quickly in the mouth without needing water, making it convenient for quick absorption.

Clear liquid preparations for oral use, containing dissolved active ingredients.

Stable mixtures of oil droplets dispersed in water, where either phase might contain dissolved solids.

Tablets designed to rapidly dissolve or disintegrate in saliva, potentially increasing drug absorption.

These tablets are often difficult to handle and therefore require a special packaging, often a peel-off blister pack.

The nasal cavity is a complex structure with a total volume of approximately 20 ml and a large surface area of around 150 cm2, lined with a dense network of blood vessels to facilitate air conditioning and drug absorption.

The nasal cavity is designed to condition incoming air by adjusting its temperature to within 10 degrees Celsius of body temperature and humidity to 97-98%.

The nasal epithelium, lining the nasal cavity, is a protective barrier composed of pseudo-stratified columnar cells. It also has cilia to facilitate mucus clearance and microvilli to increase surface area.

Drug absorption through the nasal cavity depends on factors like lipophilicity (ability to dissolve in lipids), ionization (charge), and size. These factors affect how efficiently the drug can cross the epithelial barrier.

Mucus is a sticky barrier that lines the nasal cavity and traps foreign particles. This barrier acts like a physical and chemical barrier, limiting drug absorption. It gets cleared by the cilia.

The nasal cavity's rich blood supply delivers around 40 mL/min/100 g of tissue, contributing to the rapid absorption of drugs. This efficient blood flow aids in distributing the drug throughout the body.

The nasal cavity is a highly turbulent environment, causing air to swirl and mix. This turbulence helps distribute airborne particles, playing a role in drug deposition.

Individual variation in the internal anatomy of the nasal cavity significantly affects drug deposition and absorption. This variability makes it difficult to predict how a drug will be absorbed from one person to another.