Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the gelatin or Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix in a capsule?
What is the primary function of the gelatin or Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix in a capsule?
- To provide a physical barrier to prevent the release of the active ingredient until it reaches the intended site of absorption. (correct)
- To protect the active ingredient from degradation by stomach acid.
- To enhance the absorption of the active ingredient in the gastrointestinal tract.
- To facilitate the rapid dissolution of the active ingredient in the stomach.
What is the main difference between hard-shelled capsules and soft-shelled capsules?
What is the main difference between hard-shelled capsules and soft-shelled capsules?
- Hard-shelled capsules are more stable and have a longer shelf life than soft-shelled capsules.
- Hard-shelled capsules are more easily absorbed by the body than soft-shelled capsules.
- Hard-shelled capsules are less expensive to manufacture than soft-shelled capsules.
- Hard-shelled capsules are typically used for solid, powdered ingredients, while soft-shelled capsules are used for liquids or semi-solids. (correct)
What is the primary role of lubricants in effervescent tablets?
What is the primary role of lubricants in effervescent tablets?
- To prevent the tablet from sticking to the manufacturing equipment during production.
- To improve the flowability of the powder mixture during tablet compression.
- To facilitate the rapid dissolution of the tablet in water. (correct)
- To mask the unpleasant taste of the active ingredients.
What is the main advantage of effervescent tablets over other oral dosage forms?
What is the main advantage of effervescent tablets over other oral dosage forms?
What is the primary mechanism by which effervescent granules release carbon dioxide when added to water?
What is the primary mechanism by which effervescent granules release carbon dioxide when added to water?
What is the primary benefit of oral solutions compared to other liquid preparations?
What is the primary benefit of oral solutions compared to other liquid preparations?
Which of the following factors contribute to the rapid disintegration or dissolution of fast-dissolving oral delivery formulations?
Which of the following factors contribute to the rapid disintegration or dissolution of fast-dissolving oral delivery formulations?
What is the primary advantage of oral emulsions over solid oral dosage forms?
What is the primary advantage of oral emulsions over solid oral dosage forms?
Which of the following statements about drug properties relevant to oral bioavailability is accurate?
Which of the following statements about drug properties relevant to oral bioavailability is accurate?
Which factor is critical in determining the dosage form suitable for a patient?
Which factor is critical in determining the dosage form suitable for a patient?
In the context of medication, which best describes the term ‘excipient’?
In the context of medication, which best describes the term ‘excipient’?
Which dosage form is typically designed to release medication directly into the bloodstream?
Which dosage form is typically designed to release medication directly into the bloodstream?
What is the significance of pH in relation to drug solubility and absorption?
What is the significance of pH in relation to drug solubility and absorption?
Which of the following describes the relationship between drug and medicine?
Which of the following describes the relationship between drug and medicine?
What influences the rate and extent of drug absorption into the body?
What influences the rate and extent of drug absorption into the body?
Which property must be considered for developing effective dosage forms?
Which property must be considered for developing effective dosage forms?
What was the approximate annual sales figure for Comirnaty in 2022?
What was the approximate annual sales figure for Comirnaty in 2022?
Which company developed the blockbuster drug Keytruda?
Which company developed the blockbuster drug Keytruda?
Which of the following diseases is treated by Humira?
Which of the following diseases is treated by Humira?
What caused a decrease in sales for Comirnaty in 2023?
What caused a decrease in sales for Comirnaty in 2023?
Before COVID, how long did Humira maintain its status as the top-selling drug?
Before COVID, how long did Humira maintain its status as the top-selling drug?
Which of the following was a major reason for the loss of blockbuster status of certain drugs?
Which of the following was a major reason for the loss of blockbuster status of certain drugs?
Which company had the highest sales among these blockbusters in 2023?
Which company had the highest sales among these blockbusters in 2023?
What was the main therapy area of blockbuster drug Ozempic?
What was the main therapy area of blockbuster drug Ozempic?
What does pharmacodynamics primarily focus on?
What does pharmacodynamics primarily focus on?
Which process is NOT considered a part of pharmacokinetics?
Which process is NOT considered a part of pharmacokinetics?
In terms of drug distribution, what does ADME stand for?
In terms of drug distribution, what does ADME stand for?
What is primarily affected by the method of drug administration, such as IV injection?
What is primarily affected by the method of drug administration, such as IV injection?
What does the term 'Cmax' refer to in the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug?
What does the term 'Cmax' refer to in the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug?
Which of the following represents the point at which the drug concentration is sufficiently high to be effective?
Which of the following represents the point at which the drug concentration is sufficiently high to be effective?
What is lag time in drug administration?
What is lag time in drug administration?
What does 'AUC' stand for in the context of drug plasma concentration over time?
What does 'AUC' stand for in the context of drug plasma concentration over time?
What is the primary barrier to hydrophilic drugs in the cornea?
What is the primary barrier to hydrophilic drugs in the cornea?
Which ocular condition requires intraocular delivery for effective treatment?
Which ocular condition requires intraocular delivery for effective treatment?
Which route is considered the major pathway for ocular drug absorption?
Which route is considered the major pathway for ocular drug absorption?
What is the main limitation of the conjunctival route for drug delivery?
What is the main limitation of the conjunctival route for drug delivery?
Which of the following conditions affects the major absorption pathway for lipophilic drugs in the eye?
Which of the following conditions affects the major absorption pathway for lipophilic drugs in the eye?
What is the main function of the nasal cavity?
What is the main function of the nasal cavity?
Which factor influences drug absorption through the nasal epithelium most significantly?
Which factor influences drug absorption through the nasal epithelium most significantly?
Which of the following correctly describes the impact of the protective mucus layer on drug absorption through the nasal epithelium?
Which of the following correctly describes the impact of the protective mucus layer on drug absorption through the nasal epithelium?
What is the primary reason for the high bioavailability of small, lipophilic drugs administered nasally?
What is the primary reason for the high bioavailability of small, lipophilic drugs administered nasally?
Which aspect of nasal physiology is most relevant to the deposition of nasal drug delivery systems?
Which aspect of nasal physiology is most relevant to the deposition of nasal drug delivery systems?
What advantage does nasal drug administration offer over oral administration for peptides?
What advantage does nasal drug administration offer over oral administration for peptides?
Which factor contributes MOST to the high rate of mucus clearance in the nasal cavity?
Which factor contributes MOST to the high rate of mucus clearance in the nasal cavity?
What is the main reason why the nasal delivery of aerosols or powders is dependent on particle size?
What is the main reason why the nasal delivery of aerosols or powders is dependent on particle size?
Flashcards
Pharmacokinetics (PK)
Pharmacokinetics (PK)
The study of how the body affects a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
The study of how a drug affects the body, including its mechanism of action and its effects on various tissues and organs.
Liberation
Liberation
The process by which a drug is released from its dosage form and becomes available for absorption.
Absorption
Absorption
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Distribution
Distribution
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Excretion
Excretion
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Plasma concentration vs time
Plasma concentration vs time
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Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity
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Partition Coefficient
Partition Coefficient
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Acid-Base Theory
Acid-Base Theory
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pH
pH
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pKa
pKa
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Electrolytes
Electrolytes
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Buffers
Buffers
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Chemical Kinetics and Stability of Dosage Forms
Chemical Kinetics and Stability of Dosage Forms
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Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva
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Keratitis
Keratitis
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Ocular drug absorption
Ocular drug absorption
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Corneal route
Corneal route
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Conjunctival route
Conjunctival route
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What is a blockbuster drug?
What is a blockbuster drug?
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What causes a drug to lose its blockbuster status?
What causes a drug to lose its blockbuster status?
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What is pricing power?
What is pricing power?
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What is the impact of generic drugs on blockbuster drugs?
What is the impact of generic drugs on blockbuster drugs?
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How can competitors impact blockbuster drugs?
How can competitors impact blockbuster drugs?
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What is drug adoption?
What is drug adoption?
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What is unique about the sales figures of Comirnaty?
What is unique about the sales figures of Comirnaty?
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How does the transition from pandemic to endemic affect blockbuster drugs?
How does the transition from pandemic to endemic affect blockbuster drugs?
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What are effervescent tablets?
What are effervescent tablets?
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What's a capsule?
What's a capsule?
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What are oral granules?
What are oral granules?
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What are fast dissolving oral delivery forms?
What are fast dissolving oral delivery forms?
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What are oral solutions?
What are oral solutions?
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What are oral emulsions?
What are oral emulsions?
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How do fast dissolving oral delivery forms work?
How do fast dissolving oral delivery forms work?
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What makes fast dissolving oral delivery forms challenging?
What makes fast dissolving oral delivery forms challenging?
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Nasal Cavity Volume & Surface Area
Nasal Cavity Volume & Surface Area
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Nasal Air Conditioning
Nasal Air Conditioning
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Nasal Epithelium & Its Functions
Nasal Epithelium & Its Functions
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Drug Absorption in the Nasal Cavity
Drug Absorption in the Nasal Cavity
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Nasal Mucus & its Role in Drug Absorption
Nasal Mucus & its Role in Drug Absorption
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Nasal Blood Supply & Drug Absorption
Nasal Blood Supply & Drug Absorption
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Nasal Air Turbulence & Drug Delivery
Nasal Air Turbulence & Drug Delivery
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Inter-Patient Variability in Nasal Anatomy
Inter-Patient Variability in Nasal Anatomy
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Pharmacy/Pharmacology: The Science of Medicines
- This unit covers the fundamentals of pharmacy and pharmacology, focusing on the science of medicines.
- The outline includes topics like: the science of medicines, pharmaceutics, the medicine approval process, and teaching and learning methods.
- The first year units in Pharmacy and Pharmacology are described, including the specific modules like chemistry of drugs, science of medicines, health and disease, and preparing for professional practice.
- The journey of a medicine from its initial discovery to its delivery to the patient is explored.
- The process includes important aspects like drug discovery, lab testing, clinical trials, marketing authorisation, initial pricing, appraisal by NICE, and drug availability to patients.
- The role of pharmaceutical kinetics and stability of dosage forms is highlighted, along with various dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and solutions.
- The unit will focus on the process of making a drug into a medicine and what happens to it once it has been taken by or delivered to the patient.
- Included in this process is the development of a drug delivery system factoring into drug properties (e.g., molecular weight, lipophilicity, ionization, and solubility), dissolution rate, and chemical stability.
- Different dosage forms (e.g., tablets, capsules, liquids) are discussed, including the role of excipients in formulation and the quality control measures during manufacturing.
Unit overview (MPharm)
- The schedule for the unit, including lectures, workshops, problem-based learning tutorials, and assessments, is presented.
- Lecture topics are listed, along with relevant workshop dates and problem-based learning (PBL) schedule.
- The assessment structure is broken down: 10% for semester 1 PBL and 30% for semester 1 exam and 60% for semester 2 exam.
Unit overview (Pharmacology)
- The structure of this unit follows a similar schedule to MPharm, covering various concepts.
- The schedule for the unit, including lectures, and workshops, and assessments is detailed in the provided material.
- The assessment structure for pharmacology is also outlined by examing topics by exam period.
Semester 1 topics (MPharm and Pharmacology)
- Overview of what is a medicine, components of a medicine, different dosage forms and roles of excipients
- Thermodynamics
- Physiochemical properties of small drugs, acid-base theory, pH and pKa, electrolytes and buffers
- Chemical kinetics and stability of dosage forms
- Optimising drug properties, and oral bioavailability in relation to the pharmaceutical formulation
Semester 2 topics (MPharm and Pharmacology)
- Drug distribution and elimination, introduction to pharmacokinetics, and IV bolus and infusion injections
- one-compartment model for infusions, as well as extravascular administration
- Liquid dosage forms - solutions, suspensions and emulsions, solid dosage forms, tablet coating, drug release and capsules
- Formulation of suppositories
Learning Outcomes
- Demonstrate an understanding of a drug; its requirements for delivery and regulatory considerations
- Describe the influence of physicochemical properties on drugs, including kinetics and pH
- Demonstrate understanding of the pre-formulation and formulation procedures in relation to solid and liquid dosage forms, including their manufacture and performance
- Demonstrate understanding of factors influencing drug release through its dosage form, subsequent absorption, and the subsequent metabolism and elimination from the body
- Demonstrate how drugs' fate and concentration in the body are modeled using basic pharmacokinetic models
- Student/Tutor support is available
Teaching on the unit
- The schedule for lectures and workshops, along with resources, is presented.
- Details about lecture recordings, workshop content (including specific questions), and additional assessment sessions for questions are detailed.
Teaching on the Unit (MPharm only)
- The unit describes the two practical classes towards the beginning of semester two to contextualize material from semester one by gathering and analyzing experimental data.
- The practical classes details the "road-to-market unit" of a specific medicine that is studied with support from the tutor and peers.
Problem-based learning (PBL) (MPharm only)
- Details the approach to PBL, which encourages students to take responsibility for their learning by exploring a case study or a task.
- The specific task for this unit involves examining the "road-to-market" of an approved medicine
- Further details available via module Moodle page
Assessment
- The unit presents the assessment structure for both MPharm and Pharmacology students; both exams (semester 1 &2), are explained, along with PBL requirement.
- Aggregate mark of 40% across both exams is requirement for passing
- MPharm students need to pass corresponding PBL module
Moodle
- The unit has a Moodle page with relevant materials (orientation, unit overview, teaching materials, Q&A forum, lecture recordings, and library resources).
- Support is available through this module.
Other
- Lecture and workshop topics; content, and useful resources are detailed.
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Description
Test your knowledge on different pharmaceutical formulations including capsules, tablets, and oral solutions. This quiz covers crucial aspects such as the functions of various components, advantages of dosage forms, and factors affecting bioavailability. Perfect for students in pharmacy or related fields.
