Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Oral and Transdermal

Definition: Administration of drugs via the gastrointestinal tract.
Forms: Tablets, capsules, liquids, powders.
Advantages:
- Convenient and non-invasive.
- Cost-effective production.
- Wide acceptance among patients.
Disadvantages:
- Variable absorption due to food and pH.
- First-pass metabolism can reduce bioavailability.
- Not suitable for all drugs (e.g., peptides).

Definition: Drug delivery through the skin using patches or gels.
Mechanisms:
- Passive diffusion through the skin barrier.
- Use of enhancers (e.g., microneedles, chemical enhancers).
Advantages:
- Avoids first-pass metabolism.
- Sustained release of medication.
- Convenient and easy to use.
Disadvantages:
- Limited to small molecular weight drugs.
- Skin irritation can occur.
- Variability in absorption rates among individuals.

Definition: Delivery of drugs directly to the respiratory system.
Forms: Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers.
Advantages:
- Direct delivery to lungs, allowing rapid onset.
- Reduced systemic side effects.
- Effective for respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD).
Disadvantages:
- Technical skill required for effective use.
- Dose variability based on device and user technique.
- Limited to particular types of drugs.

Matrix Systems: Drug dispersed in a polymer matrix; release depends on diffusion and polymer degradation.
Reservoir Systems: Drug contained in a reservoir, released through a rate-controlling membrane.
Osmotic Systems: Utilizes osmotic pressure for controlled drug release.
pH-Dependent Release: Drug release varies with pH, useful for targeting specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Stimuli-Responsive Systems: Release triggered by external stimuli (e.g., temperature, magnetic field).

Definition: Administration of drugs via injection, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
Forms: Solutions, suspensions, emulsions.
Advantages:
- Rapid onset of action.
- Suitable for drugs poorly absorbed orally.
- Allows for precise dosing.
Disadvantages:
- Invasive, requiring aseptic technique.
- Risk of infection and pain at injection site.
- Higher cost compared to oral formulations.

Administration via the gastrointestinal tract.
Common forms include tablets, capsules, liquids, and powders.
Advantages include convenience, non-invasiveness, cost-effectiveness, and patient acceptance.
Disadvantages include variable absorption influenced by food and pH, potential first-pass metabolism reducing bioavailability, and incompatibility with certain drugs like peptides.

Drug delivery method utilizing the skin, often through patches or gels.
Mechanisms involve passive diffusion and the use of enhancers such as microneedles and chemical agents.
Advantages are avoidance of first-pass metabolism, sustained medication release, and user convenience.
Disadvantages include limitations to small molecular weight drugs, possible skin irritation, and variability in absorption among individuals.

Delivers drugs directly to the respiratory system.
Implemented through metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), or nebulizers.
Advantages feature rapid onset due to direct lung delivery, reduced systemic side effects, and effectiveness for respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD.
Disadvantages include the need for technical skill for effective usage, dose variability depending on the inhaler type and user technique, and restrictions to specific drug types.

Matrix Systems: Involves drugs dispersed in a polymer matrix, releasing medication via diffusion and polymer degradation.
Reservoir Systems: Drug is contained in a reservoir, released through a rate-controlling membrane.
Osmotic Systems: Employ osmotic pressure for controlled and consistent drug release.
pH-Dependent Release: Drug release is contingent on pH levels, allowing targeting of specific gastrointestinal regions.
Stimuli-Responsive Systems: Drug release is activated by external stimuli, such as temperature or magnetic fields.

Administration method via injection, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract entirely.
Includes forms such as solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
Advantages encompass rapid onset of action, suitability for poorly absorbed drugs, and precise dosing capabilities.
Disadvantages involve invasiveness, aseptic technique necessity, risks of infection and pain at the injection site, and generally higher costs compared to oral forms.