Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the 'R' in the IRP model stand for?
What does the 'R' in the IRP model stand for?
Which of the following is not a function of therapeutic care?
Which of the following is not a function of therapeutic care?
Which outcome is primarily associated with pharmaceutical care?
Which outcome is primarily associated with pharmaceutical care?
What is a primary reason for drug-related morbidity (DRH)?
What is a primary reason for drug-related morbidity (DRH)?
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Which factor is not considered in individualizing a dosage regimen?
Which factor is not considered in individualizing a dosage regimen?
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How does accumulation of a drug in the body affect a patient?
How does accumulation of a drug in the body affect a patient?
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What is the main difference between Type A and Type B adverse drug reactions?
What is the main difference between Type A and Type B adverse drug reactions?
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Which of the following steps is not part of the pharmaceutical care process?
Which of the following steps is not part of the pharmaceutical care process?
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Which type of adverse drug reaction occurs as a result of withdrawing a medication?
Which type of adverse drug reaction occurs as a result of withdrawing a medication?
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What characterizes a severe adverse drug reaction?
What characterizes a severe adverse drug reaction?
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What does sub-therapeutic dose refer to?
What does sub-therapeutic dose refer to?
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Which format includes 'Monitoring' as a component?
Which format includes 'Monitoring' as a component?
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What is the classification used for evaluating adverse drug reactions based on the onset of action?
What is the classification used for evaluating adverse drug reactions based on the onset of action?
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Care
- Optimizes drug therapy for better patient outcomes and quality of life.
- Focuses on rational drug use, ensuring proper drug use for treatment.
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IRP is a key concept:
- I: Identification of both drug and patient-related problems.
- R: Resolving both patient and drug-related problems.
- P: Prevention of both patient and drug-related problems.
Outcomes of Pharmaceutical Care
- Cure: Eliminating the disease.
- Elimination: Reducing the disease impact.
- Slow down disease: Inhibiting disease progression.
- Prevention: Avoiding the development of the disease.
Pharmaceutical Care Plan
- An individualised written plan for drug therapy based on specific therapeutic goals.
Pharmacotherapy
- Utilizes drugs for disease treatment, prevention, and diagnosis (without radiation or surgery).
- Relies on one or more drugs.
Steps in Pharmaceutical Care
- Patient-Doctor Relationship: Establishing a strong connection for effective care.
- Data Collection: Gathering information about the patient, their condition, and medications.
- Data Interpretation: Analyzing the collected data to identify potential problems.
- Identification of Drug-Related Problems: Recognizing issues related to drug therapy.
- Prioritizing Drug-Related Problems: Determining the urgency of identified issues.
- Developing a Therapeutic Plan: Creating a strategy for addressing the problems.
- Implementing a Monitoring Plan: Establishing a system for tracking progress and potential side effects.
- Follow-up: Regularly assessing the plan's effectiveness and making adjustments as needed.
Drug Related Morbidity (DRH)
- Therapeutic malfunction resulting in new effects or toxicities.
- Major contributing factors:
- Untreated Indications: Inadequate treatment of underlying conditions.
- Overdose: Exceeding the recommended drug dosage.
- Subtherapeutic Dose: Insufficient dosage for achieving desired therapeutic effect.
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
- Unwanted outcomes of drug therapy.
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Classification:
- Onset of action: Based on the time it takes for ADRs to appear.
- Active, Subactive, Latent: Categories based on the time between drug exposure and symptom onset.
- Severity: Classifying ADRs based on their intensity: Minor, Moderate, Severe, Lethal.
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Types of Reactions:
- ABCDEF: Based on suspected drug interaction.
- Hypersensitivity Reactions: Allergic responses to drugs.
- Allergic Shocks: Severe, life-threatening allergic reactions.
- Toxic Effects: Adverse reactions caused by high drug concentrations.
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Acute, Subactive, Latent:
- Acute: ADRs occurring within 60 minutes.
- Subactive: ADRs appearing between 1-2 hours.
- Latent: ADRs developing after 72 days.
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Severity:
- Minor: ADRs requiring no specific treatment.
- Moderate: ADRs requiring therapy modifications.
- Severe: ADRs needing intensive care.
- Lethal: ADRs directly or indirectly causing death.
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Types of ADR:
- Type A: Augmental, dose-dependent ADRs.
- Type B: Bizzore, dose-independent ADRs.
- Type C: Chronic ADRs occurring due to drug metabolism.
- Type D: Delayed ADRs appearing years after exposure.
- Type E: End-of-therapy ADRs related to drug withdrawal.
- Type F: Failure-of-therapy ADRs often resulting from drug interactions.
Individualization of Dosage Regimen
- Tailoring drug therapy for optimal outcomes based on patient and drug factors.
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Patient-Related Factors:
- Diagnosis
- Therapeutic Goals
- Contraindications
- Allergy
- Patient Compliance
- Patient Medical History
- Patient Cooperation
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Drug-Related Factors:
- Efficacy
- Adverse Effects
- Drug Administration
- Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties
- Dosage Forms
- Ability to Monitor
- Route of Administration
Reasons for Non-Compliance
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Factors Contributing to Non-Compliance:
- Healthcare provider behavior
- Inappropriate prescriptions
- Dispensing errors
- Patient idiosyncrasies
Pharmacist Workup Drug Therapy (PWDT)
- Comprehensive assessment of drug therapy by a pharmacist.
Systemic Documentation
- Provides guidelines for pharmacist documentation.
Formats
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PHARME: A mnemonic for documenting pharmaceutical care.
- P: Pharmacotherapy problem list
- H: History
- A: Assessment
- R: Recommendation
- M: Monitoring
- E: Evaluation
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PRIME: Another mnemonic for documenting pharmaceutical care.
- P: Pharmacotherapy Problem
- R: Risk Factors
- I: Interactions between drugs, food, and the patient
- M: Mismatch
- E: Efficacy
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SOAP: A common method for documenting patient care.
- S: Subjective
- O: Objective
- A: Assessment
- P: Plan
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CORE: An alternative method for documenting pharmaceutical care.
- C: Condition or Factor
- O: Outcomes
- R: Regimen
- E: Evaluation
Chapter 2: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
- Definition: Unwanted outcomes of drug therapy.
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Classification:
- Onset of action: Based on the time it takes for ADRs to appear.
- Active, Subactive, Latent: Categories based on the time between drug exposure and symptom onset.
- Severity: Classifying ADRs based on their intensity: Minor, Moderate, Severe, Lethal.
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Types of Reactions:
- Type A: Augmental, dose-dependent ADRs.
- Type B: Bizzore, dose-independent ADRs.
- Type C: Chronic ADRs occurring due to drug metabolism.
- Type D: Delayed ADRs appearing years after exposure.
- Type E: End-of-therapy ADRs related to drug withdrawal.
- Type F: Failure-of-therapy ADRs often resulting from drug interactions.
- Pharmaceutical ADRs: Related to changes in dosage form, leading to toxicity or therapeutic index issues.
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Drug Index Diseases: Diseases caused by drug exposure.
- Drug Withdrawal: ADRs occurring due to rapid cessation of drug use.
- Drug Elimination: Adverse reactions due to insufficient drug elimination from the body.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical care, focusing on optimizing drug therapy to enhance patient outcomes. It covers the key elements of the Integrated Resource Process (IRP), various outcomes of pharmaceutical care, and the development of a pharmaceutical care plan. Test your knowledge on rational drug use and the steps necessary for effective pharmacotherapy.
