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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of physiologically inert substances added to tablets?
What is the main function of physiologically inert substances added to tablets?
Which of the following substances is best suited as an astringent?
Which of the following substances is best suited as an astringent?
Which radiopharmaceutical agent is most effective for bone imaging?
Which radiopharmaceutical agent is most effective for bone imaging?
Which mechanism does NOT typically represent anti-microbial action?
Which mechanism does NOT typically represent anti-microbial action?
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What ion presents a white precipitate with HCl that is soluble in excess ammonium hydroxide?
What ion presents a white precipitate with HCl that is soluble in excess ammonium hydroxide?
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An agent that tends to gain electrons in a redox reaction is known as what?
An agent that tends to gain electrons in a redox reaction is known as what?
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According to the law of mass action, the rate of a reaction is proportional to what?
According to the law of mass action, the rate of a reaction is proportional to what?
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Which substance is used topically as an astringent and protectant in ointment?
Which substance is used topically as an astringent and protectant in ointment?
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What color is nickel ion in solution typically classified as?
What color is nickel ion in solution typically classified as?
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What term describes a substance that takes up moisture but does not dissolve?
What term describes a substance that takes up moisture but does not dissolve?
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What is ammonia primarily used as?
What is ammonia primarily used as?
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Which agent is used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects?
Which agent is used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects?
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What is laughing gas commonly referred to?
What is laughing gas commonly referred to?
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Which laxative increases osmotic load in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which laxative increases osmotic load in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which inert gas has anesthetic properties?
Which inert gas has anesthetic properties?
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Which ion produces a Prussian blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide?
Which ion produces a Prussian blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide?
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What type of oxides do typically non-metallic elements form?
What type of oxides do typically non-metallic elements form?
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Which law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases?
Which law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases?
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Which group of metallic elements is considered the most active?
Which group of metallic elements is considered the most active?
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What attractive forces are created by the polarizability of molecules when uncharged atoms approach closely?
What attractive forces are created by the polarizability of molecules when uncharged atoms approach closely?
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Which of the following elements is poisonous even in its free metal form?
Which of the following elements is poisonous even in its free metal form?
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Identify the option that is not a salt of chlorine.
Identify the option that is not a salt of chlorine.
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What renders benzalkonium chloride inactive as a germicidal surfactant?
What renders benzalkonium chloride inactive as a germicidal surfactant?
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What process does dimercaprol (BAL) use to act as an antidote?
What process does dimercaprol (BAL) use to act as an antidote?
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Which method is NOT a sterilization technique?
Which method is NOT a sterilization technique?
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Which of the following is a systemic antacid?
Which of the following is a systemic antacid?
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NH4Cl is contraindicated in patients with which condition?
NH4Cl is contraindicated in patients with which condition?
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Which radiopharmaceutical is used for hepatobiliary studies?
Which radiopharmaceutical is used for hepatobiliary studies?
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What is the indicator used for the USP limit test for arsenic?
What is the indicator used for the USP limit test for arsenic?
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Povidone-Iodine is a complex of iodine with which substance?
Povidone-Iodine is a complex of iodine with which substance?
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Zinc deficiency resulting in thickened scaly inflamed skin is known as?
Zinc deficiency resulting in thickened scaly inflamed skin is known as?
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Primary HCO3 excess is indicative of which condition?
Primary HCO3 excess is indicative of which condition?
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What is the major side effect from the use of barium sulfate suspension as a radiopaque agent?
What is the major side effect from the use of barium sulfate suspension as a radiopaque agent?
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Which alum silicate is known to have antidiarrheal properties?
Which alum silicate is known to have antidiarrheal properties?
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Which salt is contained in Fehling’s & Benedict’s reagent to test for reducing sugars?
Which salt is contained in Fehling’s & Benedict’s reagent to test for reducing sugars?
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What substance is added to glass to enhance its coefficient of expansion?
What substance is added to glass to enhance its coefficient of expansion?
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Which vitamin is known to enhance the utilization of calcium in the body?
Which vitamin is known to enhance the utilization of calcium in the body?
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What deficiency is primarily responsible for causing goiter?
What deficiency is primarily responsible for causing goiter?
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Which alkaline metal salt is utilized as a sedative depressant in psychiatric treatment?
Which alkaline metal salt is utilized as a sedative depressant in psychiatric treatment?
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Which ion is essential for life, serving as the structural basis of the skeleton and playing a role in blood coagulation?
Which ion is essential for life, serving as the structural basis of the skeleton and playing a role in blood coagulation?
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Study Notes
Barium Sulfate Suspension
- Barium sulfate suspension's major side effect is vomiting.
Alum Silicates
- The alum silicate that acts as an antidiarrheal is attapulgite.
Reducing Sugar Tests
- Fehling's and Benedict's reagents are employed to detect the presence of reducing sugars.
- These reagents contain copper sulfate (CuSO4).
Glass Composition
- Boron (B) is added to glass to improve its coefficient of expansion.
- The coefficient of expansion refers to how much the glass expands or contracts with temperature changes.
- Boron helps to prevent rapid expansion and contraction.
Calcium and Vitamin D
- Vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium in the body.
- Calcium is important for skeletal structure and blood coagulation.
Goiter
- Goiter, a thyroid disorder, is caused by a deficiency of iodine.
Lithium and Sedatives
- Lithium salts are used as sedative-depressants in psychiatry.
Hemoglobin
- Iron (Fe) is the element present in hemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
Universal Antidote
- The universal antidote contains magnesium oxide (MgO), activated charcoal, and tannic acid.
Astringents
- Zinc oxide (ZnO) is used topically in ointments as an astringent and protectant.
- Astringents help to constrict tissues and stop bleeding.
Hygroscopic Substances
- Hygroscopic substances absorb water from the atmosphere but do not dissolve.
Ammonia
- Ammonia is used as a respiratory stimulant.
Disinfectants
- Disinfectants are used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects.
Laughing Gas
- Laughing gas is a general anesthetic.
Laxatives
- Saline cathartics increase the osmotic load of the gastrointestinal tract.
- This increases the water content in the intestines, leading to a laxative effect.
Anesthesia and Inert Gases
- Krypton is an inert gas with anesthetic properties.
Turnbull's Blue
- The ferrous ion (Fe2+) produces a Turnbull's blue precipitate with potassium ferricyanide.
Mercurous Ions
- Mercurous ions (Hg2+2) form a white precipitate with hydrochloric acid.
- This precipitate turns black upon the addition of ammonium hydroxide.
Manganese and Sodium Bismuthate
- Manganese ions react with sodium bismuthate to produce a purple solution.
Talc
- Talc is a native hydrous magnesium silicate.
Prussian Blue
- The ferric ion (Fe3+) produces a Prussian blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide.
Carbon and Antidiarrheals
- Carbon acts as an antidiarrheal by adsorption.
Pharmaceutical Diluents
- Diluents are physiologically inert substances added to tablets to make them easier to swallow.
Astringents
- Astringents have various applications, including:
- Anti-perspirant
- Caustic
- Styptic
Bone Imaging
- Technetium-99m etidronate (Tc99m etidronate) is the best radiopharmaceutical agent for bone imaging.
Antimicrobial Mechanisms
- Hydrolysis is not a mechanism of antimicrobial action.
- Other mechanisms include oxidation, halogenation, and precipitation.
Silver Ions
- Silver ions (Ag+) form a white precipitate with hydrochloric acid.
- This precipitate dissolves in excess ammonium hydroxide but re-precipitates upon the addition of nitric acid.
Rinman's Green Test
- Zinc ions give a positive Rinman's green test.
Law of Mass Action
- The Law of Mass Action states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants raised to the power of their respective coefficients in the balanced equation.
Reducing Agent
- A reducing agent loses one or more electrons in a redox reaction.
Nickel Ion Color
- Nickel ions in solution are green.
Amphoteric Oxides
- Oxides of typically non-metallic elements are amphoteric.
Ideal Gas Law
- The Ideal Gas Law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for gases.
- The equation is: PV = nRT, where n represents the number of moles of gas and R is the ideal gas constant.
Alkali Metals
- Alkali metals are the most active of metallic elements.
Van Der Waals Forces
- Van Der Waals forces are attractive forces created by the polarization of molecules.
- These forces occur when two uncharged atoms approach each other very closely.
Mercury Toxicity
- Mercury is poisonous even in its free metal form.
Chlorine Salts
- Saltpeter (KNO3) is not a salt of chlorine.
- Other chlorine salts include rock salt (NaCl) and bleaching powder (CaOCl2).
Benzalkonium Chloride
- Benzalkonium chloride is a germicidal surfactant that becomes inactive in the presence of soaps (anion agents).
Phosphine Gas
- Phosphine (PH3) is a gas liberated when water reacts with acids or metals in the presence of phosphorus as a contaminant.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy is used to detect trace amounts of metal contaminants.
Dimercaprol
- Dimercaprol (BAL) acts as an antidote by chelation.
Sterilization Methods
- Sterilization methods include:
- Heating in an autoclave
- Heating in an open vessel, re-saturating with sterile CO2
- Bacteriological filtration
Non-Systemic Antacids
- Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a systemic antacid.
- Non-systemic antacids include aluminum hydroxide, dihydroxy aluminum sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate.
Ammonium Chloride
- Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is contraindicated in patients with impaired hepatic function.
- The rationale is that NH4Cl can contribute to metabolic acidosis, which can be harmful in the presence of liver problems since the liver plays a vital role in acid-base balance.
Hepatobiliary Studies
- Technetium-99m-HIDA (Tc-99m-HIDA) is a radiopharmaceutical used for hepatobiliary studies.
USP Limit Test for Arsenic
- Silver diethyldithiocarbamate is the indicator used for the USP limit test for arsenic.
Povidone-Iodine
- Povidone-iodine is a complex of iodine with polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
Zinc Deficiency
- Zinc deficiency can lead to parakeratosis, a condition characterized by thickened, scaly, and inflamed skin.
Metabolic Alkalosis
- Primary HCO3 excess is characterized by metabolic alkalosis.
Hyperchloremia
- Dehydration and decreased renal blood flow can lead to hyperchloremia (high chloride levels in the blood).
Respiratory Stimulants
- Soda lime is not a respiratory stimulant.
- Respiratory stimulants include carbon dioxide, ammonium carbonate, and aromatic ammonia spirit.
Anemia
- Anemia due to decreased blood formation can be caused by deficiencies of key materials like cobalamin (vitamin B12).
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Description
Test your knowledge on various pharmaceutical and chemical concepts, including the effects of barium sulfate and the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption. Explore topics such as reducing sugar tests and the significance of boron in glass composition. This quiz covers important aspects of chemistry and pharmacology.
