L12 Turning a Drug into a Medicine -

A chemical property describes the potential for a substance to undergo a change based on its composition, while a physical property can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical identity.

The LogP (partition coefficient) of diclofenac, which indicates its lipid solubility, affects its dissolution in a solution.

Density, a physical property, describes the mass per unit volume of diclofenac, affecting its formulation and stability.

<p>Corrosion of metals is a chemical property, illustrating how some substances can react to form new compounds, such as metal oxides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high LogP indicates that the drug is lipophilic, suggesting it partitions easily into membranes and may have better absorption properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance is categorized as 'Big' if it has a molecular mass greater than 500-1000 Da.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A drug is an active compound, while a medicine includes the drug along with other chemicals and devices necessary for its effective administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A drug is developed into a medicine during the phase between lead optimisation and preclinical development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TPP stands for Target Product Profile, which sets the criteria and expectations for the medicine’s design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical and physical properties inform aspects of medicine design such as drug formulation, stability, and effective delivery routes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two types of properties are physical properties and chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It means that a formulation must maintain the drug's original properties or alter them to optimize administration and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining high quality is essential to ensure the drug remains effective and safe for consumption throughout its shelf life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes, physical properties can be observed without changing the composition; for example, the melting point of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption occurs in minutes for the lung, hours for the intestine, and days for the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulations are very strict, and even generics must undergo testing to ensure quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug purity, excipient purity, and formulation quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It guides the design by specifying the desired characteristics and behaviors of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cost around £2 million, reflecting the complexity and regulatory requirements of pharmaceutical manufacturing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formulation quality includes aspects such as appearance, drug release, absorption, and pharmacokinetics (PK).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic behaviors are determined by the drug's physical and chemical properties, influencing its effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A formulation can conserve or alter a drug's behaviors to enhance its therapeutic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PKa indicates the ionization constant of a drug, showing how dissolvable it is in a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Log P reflects the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of a drug, which affects its permeability and absorption in biological membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissolution rate affects how quickly a drug enters solution and is available for absorption, impacting its therapeutic effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular weight can influence a drug's distribution and clearance rates in the body, as well as its ability to permeate cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low solubility can restrict drug absorption and bioavailability, potentially reducing its therapeutic effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical properties, such as PKa and Log P, dictate functional characteristics like ionization and solubility, influencing drug behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formulation design must prioritize achieving appropriate drug delivery while conserving drug activity and stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good chemical stability ensures that the drug remains effective and safe over its shelf life, preventing degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharmacokinetics accounts for 40% of drug failures, and its changes can lead to formulation adjustments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The buccal route allows for sustained local delivery or rapid systemic absorption, such as through nitroglycerin for angina relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inhaled route offers a large absorption surface area, approximately 140 m2, making it attractive for systemic drug delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three regions are the vestibules, the respiratory region with turbinates, and the olfactory region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary barrier is the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different routes of delivery can alter absorption rates, bioavailability, and overall drug effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nasal cavity's surface area of 150 to 180 cm2 facilitates efficient drug absorption into the systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formulation can significantly change pharmacokinetics, affecting the release and absorption rates of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers