Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry I Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens to the density of an object when pressure is increased?

  • Density increases due to decreased volume. (correct)
  • Density remains constant regardless of pressure changes.
  • Density fluctuates without a predictable pattern.
  • Density decreases due to increased volume.

How does temperature affect the density of a substance?

  • Density is independent of phase changes.
  • Density remains unchanged regardless of temperature.
  • Density increases as temperature rises.
  • Density decreases as temperature rises. (correct)

In which situation will a substance with a specific gravity less than 1 behave when placed in water?

  • It will sink below the water surface.
  • It will mix uniformly with the water.
  • It will float on the surface of the water. (correct)
  • It will dissolve in the water.

Which of the following units is density expressed in?

<p>Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of water concerning its density in solid and liquid states?

<p>Ice is less dense than liquid water and floats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance has a density lower than water at 25 °C?

<p>Corn oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a solid?

<p>Rock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the SI unit for measuring temperature?

<p>Kelvin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a liquid from a solid in terms of particle arrangement?

<p>Particles can move around each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the behavior of light as both a wave and a particle?

<p>Wave-particle duality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature is absolute zero defined in Kelvin?

<p>0 K (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the motion of particles in a gas?

<p>Particles move freely and randomly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state of matter is characterized by having no fixed shape or volume and being composed of ionized gas particles?

<p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bolded statements about oil in relation to water is correct?

<p>Oil floats on top of water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an intensive property of matter?

<p>Density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these states of matter has the ability to be easily compressed?

<p>Gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance listed has the highest density at 25 °C?

<p>Honey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a chemical property from a physical property?

<p>A physical property can change without altering the substance's identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate density of blood at 25 °C?

<p>1.035 g/cm³ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a Bose-Einstein condensate?

<p>A state of matter with very low temperatures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an extensive property of matter?

<p>Mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flammability is primarily associated with which type of property?

<p>Chemical property (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six physical states of matter?

<p>Liquid Crystal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of particle arrangement, how do solids differ from gases?

<p>Solids have tight packing with fixed arrangement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'oxidation' in chemical properties?

<p>The loss of electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point classified as?

<p>An intensive property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT considered a chemical change?

<p>Melting ice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of intensive properties?

<p>They change when the amount of matter changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates plasmas from ordinary gases?

<p>Plasmas contain free electrons and positively charged ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can convert a gas into plasma?

<p>By exposing the gas to very high temperatures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does Helium form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)?

<p>Below -270.98°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)?

<p>Atoms become indistinguishable and form a 'big blob' at extremely low temperatures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is created when massive stars reach the ends of their lives?

<p>Neutron stars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a significant property of neutron stars?

<p>They contain the densest matter known in the universe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from heating matter to high temperatures?

<p>Electrons leave the atoms, resulting in free electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements has been used to create a Bose-Einstein condensate by scientists?

<p>Helium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of light in vacuum?

<p>300,000 Km/Sec (A), 3 x 10^10 cm/Sec (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity of light?

<p>C = ν × λ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these quantities is inversely proportional to energy of a photon?

<p>Wavenumber (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the wavelength of light is 500 nm, what is the corresponding frequency in Hz?

<p>6 x 10^14 Hz (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Planck's constant in Joule-seconds?

<p>6.626 x 10^-34 J.sec (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of light waves, what happens to frequency as wavelength increases?

<p>Frequency decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is frequency measured in?

<p>Hertz (Hz) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy equation related to wavelength and frequency for a photon?

<p>E = hν (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

States of Matter

The three main physical forms that matter can take: solid, liquid, and gas.

Solid

A state of matter with a fixed shape and volume; particles are tightly packed in a regular arrangement.

Liquid

A state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; particles are close but can move past each other.

Gas

A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume; particles are widely spaced and move randomly.

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Plasma

A state of matter that does not have a fixed shape or volume, similar to gas, but with electrically charged particles.

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Plasma

A state of matter where atoms' electrons are lost, leaving positively charged particles (ions) free to move.

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Plasma Formation

Plasma is created by applying high voltage between points or by heating a gas to extreme temperatures. This makes electrons escape atoms, creating free electrons.

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Partially Ionized Plasma

Plasma where only some atoms' electrons are lost, meaning some atoms remain neutral.

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Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

A state of matter at extremely low temperatures, where atoms clump together, behaving like a single entity.

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Extremely Low Temperatures

Temperatures very close to absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15°C).

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Neutron Star

An extremely dense star, made of the densest matter known.

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Chemical Property

A characteristic of a substance that describes how it changes into a different substance, altering its chemical structure.

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Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's identity.

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Extensive Property

A physical property that depends on the amount of matter present.

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Intensive Property

A physical property that does not depend on the amount of matter present.

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Heat of Combustion

Energy released when a substance burns completely in the presence of oxygen.

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Flammability

The ability of a substance to burn (react with oxygen).

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Oxidation-Reduction

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons, where one substance loses electrons (oxidation) and another gains electrons (reduction).

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Density

The amount of mass per unit volume of a substance.

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Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

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Volume

The amount of space occupied by a substance.

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Melting Point

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

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Boiling Point

The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.

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Density

The amount of substance contained in a specific volume.

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Density units

Density is measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

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Volume and Substance

Volume of a substance depends on quantity at constant pressure and temperature.

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Density and Pressure

Increased pressure decreases volume, increasing density.

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Density and Temperature

Increased temperature increases volume, decreasing density.

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Density and Mass

Greater mass results in higher density (exceptions exist).

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Specific Gravity

Ratio of a substance's density to a reference material's density (often water).

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Floating/Sinking

If specific gravity is less than 1, an object floats in water; if greater, it sinks.

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Unusual case (water)

Water's solid form (ice) is less dense than its liquid form.

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Density of Water

The mass of water per unit volume at a specific temperature and pressure.

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Density of Common Substances

The mass per unit volume of various substances, often listed at a standard temperature.

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Density at 25°C (g/cm³)

The mass per unit volume of a substance measured in grams per cubic centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius.

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Density of blood

Mass of blood per unit of volume. Measured in grams per cubic centimetre(g/cm³).

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Oil floating on water

Oil floats on water because it has a lower density.

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Temperature Measurement

Determining how hot or cold an object is by using a thermometer.

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Temperature Scales

Different ways of expressing temperature, including Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit.

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Light as Electromagnetic Radiation

Light is a form of energy that travels as waves of electric and magnetic fields.

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Photon

A self-contained packet of energy, exhibiting both wave and particle properties.

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Wavelength (λ)

The distance between the crests of two successive waves.

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Amplitude

The height of a wave from its midline to its peak or trough.

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Frequency (ν)

The number of waves passing a point in one second.

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Wavenumber (ν̄)

The number of waves per centimeter.

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Velocity of Light (c)

The speed at which light travels in a vacuum (approximately 300,000 km/sec).

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Relationship: c = λν

The speed of light equals wavelength multiplied by frequency.

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Relationship: ν̄ = 1/λ

Wavenumber is the reciprocal of wavelength.

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Energy of a photon (E)

E = hν (or E = hc/λ). Energy is directly proportional to frequency and inversely to wavelength.

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Planck's Constant (h)

A fundamental constant relating energy and frequency (6.625 x 10⁻³⁴ J.s).

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry I (PA-101)

  • Course offered by the Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University
  • Academic year 2024/2025

Contents

  • States of matter: Units of measurement, temperature measurement, atomic structure
  • Types of bonds: Ionic, covalent, coordinate, metallic, hydrogen bonds (inter- and intra-molecular)
  • Stoichiometry of chemical reactions: Electromagnetic spectrum
  • Gas laws: Real and ideal gases, diffusion, effusion
  • Real reactions in aqueous solutions: Reversible and irreversible reactions, equilibrium constant calculation
  • Chemical reaction kinetics: Rate of reactions, types of rate, collision theory, factors affecting reaction rate, order of reaction
  • Acid-Base theory

States of Matter

  • Matter exists as solids, liquids, and gases
  • Scientists have identified six states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), neutron stars
  • Solids: Packed closely in a regular arrangement, fixed shape and volume, no free motion, vibrate in positions, incompressible
  • Examples: Ice, sugar, rock
  • Liquids: Packed closely in an irregular arrangement, no fixed shape but fixed volume, move past each other, little compressibility
  • Examples: Water, milk, blood
  • Gases: Arranged totally irregularly, no fixed shape or volume, move randomly, easily compressible
  • Examples: Air, oxygen
  • Matter can change between these states through processes like vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition, fusion (melting), and freezing

Interconversion Between States of Matter

  • Shows transitions between different states of matter with corresponding enthalpy changes
  • Includes diagrams showing phase changes and their energy requirements.
  • Discusses plasmas: No fixed shape or volume, less dense than solids or liquids, atoms lose some or all electrons to form ions.
  • Describes how plasmas are formed by high voltages or high temperatures.

Matter Properties and Measurements

  • Chemical properties are properties that change the substance's identity.

  • Physical properties are properties that do not change the substance's identity.

  • Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter (e.g., density, color).

  • Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter (e.g., mass, volume).

  • Chemical Properties Examples: Heat of combustion, stability, flammability, reactivity, oxidation-reduction reactions (Oxidation/Reduction), and toxicity

  • Physical Properties Examples: Color, density, boiling point, melting point, and temperature

Chemical Properties of Matter

  • Oxidation: Loss of electrons
  • Reduction: Gain of electrons
  • Heat of combustion: Energy released during complete combustion of compounds
  • Stability: Resistance to changes in chemical composition
  • Flammability: Ability to burn in the presence of oxygen
  • Reactivity: Tendency to undergo a chemical reaction
  • Toxicity: Potential to harm living organisms

Physical vs. Chemical Changes of Matter

  • Physical change: Does not involve a change in chemical composition. A change in physical state, shape, or size
  • Chemical change: Involves a change in chemical composition. Formation of new substances

Light and Radiation

  • Light is an electromagnetic wave composed of electric and magnetic components
  • Light exhibits wave properties and particle properties (photons)
  • Light travels at 300,000 km/s in a vacuum
  • Light's energy is proportional to its frequency

Units of Measurement

  • SI Units: international system of units, used internationally
  • Imperial Units: used in Great Britain, different units for length, mass, etc. Conversion factors between different units

Relationship Between Density and Volume

  • Density: Mass per unit volume
  • Volume: the amount of space occupied by a substance
  • Density varies with temperature and pressure
  • Specific gravity: the ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference material (usually water) at a constant temperature and pressure
  • A material with a specific gravity less than 1 will float on water.

Measurement Units of Temperature

  • Temperature: measure of how hot or cold an object is
  • Common scales: Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit
  • Absolute zero: -273.15 °C or 0 K, theoretical point where all molecular motion ceases.

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