Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with inhibition in the central nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with inhibition in the central nervous system?
What role does histamine primarily play in the central nervous system?
What role does histamine primarily play in the central nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in both learning and memory as well as psychosis?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in both learning and memory as well as psychosis?
Which type of drug produces a partial response when engaging a receptor?
Which type of drug produces a partial response when engaging a receptor?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is considered stimulatory (excitatory)?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is considered stimulatory (excitatory)?
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What is the primary physiological response associated with endorphins?
What is the primary physiological response associated with endorphins?
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What is the effect of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine in the central nervous system?
What is the effect of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine in the central nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter directly influences pain perception and pleasure?
Which neurotransmitter directly influences pain perception and pleasure?
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Which neurotransmitter's function depends on the receptors it engages with?
Which neurotransmitter's function depends on the receptors it engages with?
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What is the maximum daily dose of Bupropion?
What is the maximum daily dose of Bupropion?
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What is a key risk associated with Mirtazapine?
What is a key risk associated with Mirtazapine?
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Which of the following must be done when discontinuing an antidepressant?
Which of the following must be done when discontinuing an antidepressant?
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Which medication is classified as a mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder?
Which medication is classified as a mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder?
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What should be monitored when using Lithium as a mood stabilizer?
What should be monitored when using Lithium as a mood stabilizer?
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What counseling point is important for patients taking Lithium?
What counseling point is important for patients taking Lithium?
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What is a significant warning associated with Bupropion?
What is a significant warning associated with Bupropion?
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When should Zyban be initiated for smoking cessation?
When should Zyban be initiated for smoking cessation?
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Which of the following is NOT a mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder?
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What should patients be counseled about regarding the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents?
What should patients be counseled about regarding the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents?
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When is it appropriate to use a partial agonist?
When is it appropriate to use a partial agonist?
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What characterizes the role of an antagonist?
What characterizes the role of an antagonist?
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Which of the following is a psychiatric disorder associated with 'mood' disorders?
Which of the following is a psychiatric disorder associated with 'mood' disorders?
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What is a common characteristic of bipolar disorders?
What is a common characteristic of bipolar disorders?
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Which neurotransmitter dysfunction is primarily associated with schizophrenia?
Which neurotransmitter dysfunction is primarily associated with schizophrenia?
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Which condition is classified under anxiety disorders?
Which condition is classified under anxiety disorders?
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Which disorder involves thought disturbances such as incoherence and paranoia?
Which disorder involves thought disturbances such as incoherence and paranoia?
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What defines a major depressive disorder?
What defines a major depressive disorder?
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What is the primary focus of treatment for patients experiencing a coverage of excessive responses to receptors?
What is the primary focus of treatment for patients experiencing a coverage of excessive responses to receptors?
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Which of the following is a substance-related disorder?
Which of the following is a substance-related disorder?
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What is a common side effect associated with the use of Sertraline?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of Sertraline?
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What important warning is associated with the use of Venlafaxine?
What important warning is associated with the use of Venlafaxine?
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Which medication is associated with a risk of QTc prolongation?
Which medication is associated with a risk of QTc prolongation?
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What should be done if discontinuing Vilazodone treatment?
What should be done if discontinuing Vilazodone treatment?
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What is a potential effect of Nortriptyline usage?
What is a potential effect of Nortriptyline usage?
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Which medication must be taken with food?
Which medication must be taken with food?
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What is the consequence of abruptly stopping Duloxetine?
What is the consequence of abruptly stopping Duloxetine?
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What risk is associated with both Warfarin and Venlafaxine?
What risk is associated with both Warfarin and Venlafaxine?
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Which medication can cause anticholinergic side effects?
Which medication can cause anticholinergic side effects?
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What is a known action of Paroxetine?
What is a known action of Paroxetine?
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What is a common adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with Valproic acid?
What is a common adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with Valproic acid?
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Which black box warning is NOT associated with Valproic acid?
Which black box warning is NOT associated with Valproic acid?
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Which of the following counseling points should be emphasized for patients taking Lamotrigene?
Which of the following counseling points should be emphasized for patients taking Lamotrigene?
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What adverse effect is commonly reported with Lamotrigene?
What adverse effect is commonly reported with Lamotrigene?
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How often should drug levels be monitored for patients taking mood stabilizers?
How often should drug levels be monitored for patients taking mood stabilizers?
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What is an important consideration when prescribing Valproate to women of reproductive age?
What is an important consideration when prescribing Valproate to women of reproductive age?
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Study Notes
Central Nervous System (CNS) Overview
- CNS drugs are essential for treating psychiatric and neurological disorders.
- Neurons generate action potentials through opening sodium (Na+) channels and subsequently potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) channels.
Neurotransmitter Functions
- Excitatory Neurotransmitters: Glutamate, Aspartate, Norepinephrine, Histamine, and Acetylcholine (Ach) contribute to stimulating brain activity.
- Inhibitory Neurotransmitter: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reduces neuronal excitability.
- Neurotransmitters have various roles:
- Histamine: Arousal, movement
- Glutamate: Learning and memory, involved in psychosis
- Acetylcholine: Thought processes, memory, and learning
- Endorphins: Pain relief and pleasure responses.
Drug Types and Their Uses
- Agonists: Used when there is insufficient receptor activity.
- Partial Agonists: Address imbalances in receptor response, serving as antagonists when necessary.
- Antagonists: Used when there is excessive receptor activation.
Common Psychiatric Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Affective, thought, and anxiety disorders, including:
- Dysthymia
- Bipolar Disorder
- Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Insights
- Associated with excessive dopamine and serotonin dysfunction.
- Numerous neurotransmitters influence schizophrenia's development and symptoms.
Antidepressant Medications
- Common antidepressants:
- SSRIs: Paroxetine (Paxil), Sertraline (Zoloft), Venlafaxine (Effexor).
- Side Effects: Risk of suicidal thoughts, especially in youth; potential sexual dysfunction and QTc prolongation risk.
Bipolar Disorder Management
- Treatment typically involves mood stabilizers, which may include:
- Lithium
- Valproate (Depakote)
- Carbamazepine
- Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
- Antidepressants should not be administered without a mood stabilizer already in use.
Mood Stabilizers
- Lithium: Monitored for blood levels; side effects include nausea, dehydration, and hypotension.
- Valproate: Monitored for liver toxicity and pancreatitis; side effects like weight gain and drowsiness need consideration.
- Lamotrigine: Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome; requires monitoring for toxicities and drug interactions.
Counseling Points for Patients
- Ensure fluid intake (2-3 liters of water) for lithium users.
- Gradually taper antidepressants to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
- Report any suicidal thoughts to healthcare professionals immediately.
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Description
Explore the essential features of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and understand the mechanisms of neuron firing, including action potentials. This quiz is tailored for Dr. Lee's PHAR 672 class in Fall 2024, focusing on CNS drugs and their interactions with neuronal activity.
