47 Questions
Which type of pain is thought to account for the majority of migraine headaches?
Vascular pain
Which classification of pain is caused by pressure of tumors against nerves, organs, or tissues?
Cancer pain
Which step in the Gate Theory of pain transmission involves the transformation of stimuli into electrochemical energy?
Transduction
Which classification of opioid analgesics interacts with opioid receptors in the brain to produce analgesia?
Agonist
What is the main indication for opioid analgesics?
Alleviation of moderate to severe pain
What is the difference between tolerance and physical dependence to opioids?
Tolerance is a physiological result of chronic opioid treatment, while physical dependence is a pattern of compulsive drug use
What is the opioid ceiling effect?
The drug reaches a maximum analgesic effect and further increase in dosage does not improve analgesia
Which of the following is an example of an adjuvant drug for neuropathic pain?
Amitriptyline
Which type of pain occurs in a body part that has been removed?
Phantom pain
Which classification of pain is caused by tumors pressing against nerves, organs, or tissues?
Cancer pain
What is the duration of acute pain?
Less than 3 months
What is the duration of persistent/chronic pain?
3-6 months
Which step in the Gate Theory of pain transmission involves the movement of pain impulses along pain fibers to activate pain receptors up the spinal cord to the brain?
Transmission
What is the subjective phenomenon of pain called?
Perception
Which type of pain is thought to account for the vast majority of migraine headaches?
Vascular pain
Which type of pain is caused by damage to nerve fibers?
Neuropathic pain
Which of the following is an example of an adjuvant drug for neuropathic pain?
Amitriptyline
Which type of opioid analgesic acts by depressing pain impulse transmission at the spinal cord level by interacting with opioid receptors?
Agonist
What is the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics?
Depress pain impulse transmission
Which classification of opioid analgesics binds to receptors causing a weaker pain response compared to full agonists?
Agonist-Antagonist
What is the main indication for opioid analgesics?
Alleviating moderate to severe pain
What is the opioid tolerance?
The state of adaptation resulting in larger doses of opioids required to maintain the same level of analgesia
What is the opioid ceiling effect?
The drug reaches a maximum analgesic effect
What is the difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence to opioids?
Physical dependence is the adaptation of the body to the presence of an opioid, while psychological dependence is a pattern of compulsive drug use
What are the contraindications for opioid analgesics?
Known drug allergy, severe asthma, and respiratory insufficiency
What are the adverse effects of opioid analgesics?
Respiratory depression, sedation, and urinary retention
What is the equianalgesia?
The ability to provide equivalent pain relief by calculating dosages of different drugs
Which type of pain is caused by tumors pressing against nerves, organs, or tissues?
Cancer pain
What is the main indication for adjuvant drugs for neuropathic pain?
Damage to nerve fibers
Which step in the Gate Theory of pain transmission involves the perception of pain as a subjective phenomenon?
Perception
What is the duration of persistent/chronic pain?
More than 6 months
Which classification of pain is thought to account for the vast majority of migraine headaches?
Vascular pain
Which type of pain occurs in a body part that has been removed?
Phantom pain
Which classification of pain is caused by damage to nerve fibers?
Neuropathic pain
What is the mechanism of action of adjuvant drugs for neuropathic pain?
Depressing pain impulse transmission at the spinal cord level
Which type of opioid analgesic acts by interacting with opioid receptors in the brain to produce analgesia?
Opioid agonist
Which step in the Gate Theory of pain transmission involves the transformation of stimuli into electrochemical energy?
Transduction
Which classification of opioid analgesics acts by depressing pain impulse transmission at the spinal cord level by interacting with opioid receptors?
Agonist
What is the primary indication for opioid analgesics?
Alleviation of moderate to severe pain
Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with opioid analgesics?
Constipation
What is the difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence to opioids?
Physical dependence is the adaptation of the body to the presence of an opioid, while psychological dependence is a pattern of compulsive drug use characterized by a continued craving for an opioid and the need to use the opioid for effects other than pain relief.
What is the equianalgesia?
The ability to provide equivalent pain relief by calculating dosages of different drugs or routes of administration that provide comparable analgesia.
Which classification of opioid analgesics binds to receptors causing a weaker pain response compared to full agonists?
Agonist-Antagonist
What is the opioid tolerance?
The development of tolerance to opioids after chronic use.
Which adverse effect of opioid analgesics is the most serious?
Respiratory depression
What is the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics?
They bind to pain receptors in the brain and produce analgesia.
Which type of pain occurs in a body part that has been removed?
Phantom pain
Study Notes
Types of Pain
- Visceral pain is thought to account for the majority of migraine headaches.
- Deafferentation pain is caused by pressure of tumors against nerves, organs, or tissues.
- Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to nerve fibers.
- Phantom pain occurs in a body part that has been removed.
Gate Theory of Pain Transmission
- The first step involves the transformation of stimuli into electrochemical energy.
- The second step involves the movement of pain impulses along pain fibers to activate pain receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.
- The final step involves the perception of pain as a subjective phenomenon.
Opioid Analgesics
- They interact with opioid receptors in the brain to produce analgesia.
- The main indication for opioid analgesics is to relieve moderate to severe pain.
- Opioid tolerance is a state of adaptation in which the dose of a drug must be increased to produce the same effect.
- The opioid ceiling effect is the maximum analgesic effect that can be achieved with a particular opioid analgesic.
Adjuvant Drugs for Neuropathic Pain
- Adjuvant drugs are used to treat neuropathic pain when other treatments are ineffective.
- Examples of adjuvant drugs include gabapentin and pregabalin.
Physical Dependence and Psychological Dependence
- Physical dependence is a state of adaptation that occurs with regular use of opioids, characterized by withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped.
- Psychological dependence is a psychological need for the drug, characterized by craving and compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
- The difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence is that physical dependence is a physical need for the drug, while psychological dependence is a psychological need.
Contraindications and Adverse Effects
- Contraindications for opioid analgesics include respiratory depression, acute asthma, and paralytic ileus.
- Adverse effects of opioid analgesics include constipation, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness.
- The most serious adverse effect of opioid analgesics is respiratory depression.
Test your knowledge on analgesic drugs and their classifications. Learn about various medications that can relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness, such as opioids and adjuvants like NSAIDs, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids. Dive into the classification of pain, including vascular pain, and explore examples of adjuvant drugs for neuropathic pain like amitriptyline, gabapentin, and pregabalin.
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