Phagocytosis Process: Cellular Defense
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

  • Protein synthesis (correct)
  • DNA replication
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Energy production

    • What do ribosomes contain large amounts of?

  • DNA
  • tRNA
  • mRNA
  • rRNA (correct)

    • Where are ribosomes commonly found attached?

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus

    • Besides the Endoplasmic Reticulum, where else can ribosomes be attached?

    <p>Nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is abundant in ribosomes?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis?

    <p>A form of endocytosis where cell engulfs large particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step involves the fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome?

    <p>Fusion of lysosome and phagosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main phagocytes?

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed after the microbe is engulfed by the cell membrane?

    <p>Phagosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down the microbe?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cytosol?

    <p>Intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of organelles?

    <p>Specialized structures within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do many chemical reactions in a cell occur?

    <p>In the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is usually released by the chemical reactions in the cytosol?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the reactions in the cytosol provide for the cell?

    <p>Building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function, and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microfilaments are primarily composed of which protein?

    <p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are intermediate filaments mainly concentrated?

    <p>Near the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microtubules?

    <p>Determine cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal element is associated with generating movement?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein makes up intermediate filaments?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do microtubules extend from within the cell?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes a cell absorbing extracellular fluid?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following happens LAST during pinocytosis?

    <p>The digested solutes are released into the cell cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endocytosis does NOT involve receptor proteins?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure fuses with the vesicle to digest its content during pinocytosis?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the lysosomal enzymes during pinocytosis?

    <p>To digest the fluid inside the vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Producing secretory, membrane, and organellar proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Network of membrane tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesizing fatty acids and steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

    <p>Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are detoxified by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Alcohol, pesticides, and carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia?

    <p>Move fluids along a cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about flagella?

    <p>They move an entire cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the length of flagella compared to cilia?

    <p>Flagella are longer than cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only cell type mentioned to have flagella?

    <p>Sperm cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cilia differ from flagella in their primary function?

    <p>Cilia move fluids along a cell surface, while flagella move an entire cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vesicle?

    <p>A small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process do materials move into a cell in a vesicle?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles like bacteria?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during exocytosis?

    <p>Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transcytosis?

    <p>A combination of endocytosis and exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms a basketlike structure on the cytosolic side of the membrane during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>Clathrin molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these particles can receptor proteins recognize and bind to during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>Low density proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the receptor proteins after the vesicle fuses with an endosome?

    <p>They are recycled back to the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage is the clathrin coat removed during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>Uncoating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the LDL particle degraded during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>In the lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What step follows the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex when the plasma membrane invaginates?

    <p>Vesicle formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of exocytosis in neurons?

    <p>Releasing neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is crucial for triggering the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane?

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens immediately after the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Ligand-gated channels open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the nerve impulse to reach the synaptic end bulb in the presynaptic neuron?

    <p>Nerve impulse traveling down the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do voltage-gated calcium channels play in exocytosis?

    <p>They allow calcium ions to enter the synaptic end bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process can happen to the neurotransmitter after being released into the synaptic cleft?

    <p>It can be broken down by enzymes or taken back up by the presynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of channels open in response to the neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Ligand-gated channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the end of the exocytosis process in the synapse?

    <p>Neurotransmitter is broken down or reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phagocytosis

    • A form of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles like viruses, bacteria, or dead cells
    • Main phagocytes are macrophages and neutrophils
    • Process involves attachment of microbe to receptor on cell membrane, formation of pseudopods, and fusion with lysosome for digestion

    Ribosomes

    • Sites of protein synthesis
    • Contain large amounts of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
    • Attached to outer surface of nuclear membrane and Endoplasmic Reticulum

    Cytoplasm

    Cytosol

    • Intracellular fluid surrounding organelles
    • Site of many chemical reactions
    • Energy released from these reactions provides building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function, and growth

    Organelles

    • Specialized structures within the cell

    Exocytosis

    • Release of materials from cells
    • Important for neurotransmitter signaling
    • Steps involved: nerve impulse, Ca2+ influx, fusion of synaptic vesicles with membrane, release of neurotransmitter, binding to receptors, and opening of ligand-gated channels

    Cilia and Flagella

    • Motile projections of the cell surface
    • Cilia: short, hair-like projections that move fluids along a cell surface
    • Flagella: longer than cilia, move an entire cell (example: sperm cell's tail)

    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • Network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules
    • Rough ER: connected to nuclear envelope, studded with ribosomes, produces secretory, membrane, and organellar proteins, and attaches carbohydrates to proteins
    • Smooth ER: synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs

    Cytoskeleton

    • Network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol
    • Provides structural support for the cell
    • Three types:

    Microfilaments

    • Composed of actin, associated with cell membrane and inside the cell
    • Generate movement, provide mechanical support

    Intermediate Filaments

    • Composed of keratin or other proteins, concentrated near the nucleus
    • Stabilize organelle position, attach cells together

    Microtubules

    • Composed of tubulin, extend from the centrosome to cell membrane
    • Determine cell shape, move organelles and vesicles

    Vesicular Transport

    • Vesicle: a small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane
    • Endocytosis: materials move into a cell in a vesicle
    • Exocytosis: vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents
    • Transcytosis: combination of endocytosis and exocytosis

    Bulk-phase Endocytosis (Pinocytosis)

    • No receptor proteins involved
    • Transport of extracellular fluid
    • Plasma membrane folds inward, forming a vesicle containing the fluid

    Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

    • Receptor proteins recognize and bind to specific particles like LDLs, vitamins, antibodies, and hormones
    • Clathrin molecules form a basketlike structure on the cytosolic side of the membrane, forming a vesicle
    • Vesicle fuses with an endosome, receptor proteins are recycled, and the particle is degraded in a lysosome

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    Description

    Learn about phagocytosis, a type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles like viruses, bacteria, or dead cells. Understand the role of macrophages and neutrophils in this process.

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