Phagocytosis Process: Cellular Defense

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

What do ribosomes contain large amounts of?

rRNA

Where are ribosomes commonly found attached?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Besides the Endoplasmic Reticulum, where else can ribosomes be attached?

Nuclear membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is abundant in ribosomes?

rRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis?

A form of endocytosis where cell engulfs large particles Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves the fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome?

Fusion of lysosome and phagosome Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main phagocytes?

Macrophages and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is formed after the microbe is engulfed by the cell membrane?

Phagosome Signup and view all the answers

Which cell organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down the microbe?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytosol?

Intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of organelles?

Specialized structures within the cell Signup and view all the answers

Where do many chemical reactions in a cell occur?

In the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is usually released by the chemical reactions in the cytosol?

Energy Signup and view all the answers

What do the reactions in the cytosol provide for the cell?

Building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function, and growth Signup and view all the answers

Microfilaments are primarily composed of which protein?

Actin Signup and view all the answers

Where are intermediate filaments mainly concentrated?

Near the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microtubules?

Determine cell shape Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal element is associated with generating movement?

Microfilaments Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein makes up intermediate filaments?

Keratin Signup and view all the answers

Where do microtubules extend from within the cell?

Centrosome Signup and view all the answers

What process describes a cell absorbing extracellular fluid?

Pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following happens LAST during pinocytosis?

The digested solutes are released into the cell cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis does NOT involve receptor proteins?

Pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure fuses with the vesicle to digest its content during pinocytosis?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the lysosomal enzymes during pinocytosis?

To digest the fluid inside the vesicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Producing secretory, membrane, and organellar proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Network of membrane tubules Signup and view all the answers

Which is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesizing fatty acids and steroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are detoxified by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Alcohol, pesticides, and carcinogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia?

Move fluids along a cell surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about flagella?

They move an entire cell Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the length of flagella compared to cilia?

Flagella are longer than cilia Signup and view all the answers

What is the only cell type mentioned to have flagella?

Sperm cell Signup and view all the answers

How do cilia differ from flagella in their primary function?

Cilia move fluids along a cell surface, while flagella move an entire cell Signup and view all the answers

What is a vesicle?

A small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane Signup and view all the answers

During which process do materials move into a cell in a vesicle?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles like bacteria?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens during exocytosis?

Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is transcytosis?

A combination of endocytosis and exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What forms a basketlike structure on the cytosolic side of the membrane during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Clathrin molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of these particles can receptor proteins recognize and bind to during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Low density proteins Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the receptor proteins after the vesicle fuses with an endosome?

They are recycled back to the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

At what stage is the clathrin coat removed during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Uncoating Signup and view all the answers

Where is the LDL particle degraded during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

In the lysosome Signup and view all the answers

What step follows the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex when the plasma membrane invaginates?

Vesicle formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of exocytosis in neurons?

Releasing neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is crucial for triggering the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane?

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

Ligand-gated channels open Signup and view all the answers

What causes the nerve impulse to reach the synaptic end bulb in the presynaptic neuron?

Nerve impulse traveling down the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What role do voltage-gated calcium channels play in exocytosis?

They allow calcium ions to enter the synaptic end bulb Signup and view all the answers

What process can happen to the neurotransmitter after being released into the synaptic cleft?

It can be broken down by enzymes or taken back up by the presynaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which type of channels open in response to the neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

Ligand-gated channels Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the end of the exocytosis process in the synapse?

Neurotransmitter is broken down or reabsorbed Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Phagocytosis

A form of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles like viruses, bacteria, or dead cells
Main phagocytes are macrophages and neutrophils
Process involves attachment of microbe to receptor on cell membrane, formation of pseudopods, and fusion with lysosome for digestion

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis
Contain large amounts of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Attached to outer surface of nuclear membrane and Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

Intracellular fluid surrounding organelles
Site of many chemical reactions
Energy released from these reactions provides building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function, and growth

Organelles

Specialized structures within the cell

Exocytosis

Release of materials from cells
Important for neurotransmitter signaling
Steps involved: nerve impulse, Ca2+ influx, fusion of synaptic vesicles with membrane, release of neurotransmitter, binding to receptors, and opening of ligand-gated channels

Cilia and Flagella

Motile projections of the cell surface
Cilia: short, hair-like projections that move fluids along a cell surface
Flagella: longer than cilia, move an entire cell (example: sperm cell's tail)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules
Rough ER: connected to nuclear envelope, studded with ribosomes, produces secretory, membrane, and organellar proteins, and attaches carbohydrates to proteins
Smooth ER: synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol
Provides structural support for the cell
Three types:

Microfilaments

Composed of actin, associated with cell membrane and inside the cell
Generate movement, provide mechanical support

Intermediate Filaments

Composed of keratin or other proteins, concentrated near the nucleus
Stabilize organelle position, attach cells together

Microtubules

Composed of tubulin, extend from the centrosome to cell membrane
Determine cell shape, move organelles and vesicles

Vesicular Transport

Vesicle: a small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane
Endocytosis: materials move into a cell in a vesicle
Exocytosis: vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents
Transcytosis: combination of endocytosis and exocytosis

Bulk-phase Endocytosis (Pinocytosis)

No receptor proteins involved
Transport of extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane folds inward, forming a vesicle containing the fluid

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor proteins recognize and bind to specific particles like LDLs, vitamins, antibodies, and hormones
Clathrin molecules form a basketlike structure on the cytosolic side of the membrane, forming a vesicle
Vesicle fuses with an endosome, receptor proteins are recycled, and the particle is degraded in a lysosome

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Phagocytosis Process: Cellular Defense

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

What do ribosomes contain large amounts of?

Where are ribosomes commonly found attached?

Besides the Endoplasmic Reticulum, where else can ribosomes be attached?

Which type of RNA is abundant in ribosomes?

What is phagocytosis?

Which step involves the fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome?

What are the two main phagocytes?

What is formed after the microbe is engulfed by the cell membrane?

Which cell organelle contains digestive enzymes to break down the microbe?

What is the cytosol?

Which of the following best describes the function of organelles?

Where do many chemical reactions in a cell occur?

What is usually released by the chemical reactions in the cytosol?

What do the reactions in the cytosol provide for the cell?

Microfilaments are primarily composed of which protein?

Where are intermediate filaments mainly concentrated?

What is the primary function of microtubules?

Which cytoskeletal element is associated with generating movement?

Which type of protein makes up intermediate filaments?

Where do microtubules extend from within the cell?

What process describes a cell absorbing extracellular fluid?

Which of the following happens LAST during pinocytosis?

Which type of endocytosis does NOT involve receptor proteins?

Which cellular structure fuses with the vesicle to digest its content during pinocytosis?

What is the main purpose of the lysosomal enzymes during pinocytosis?

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Which component is NOT found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Which is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

What is the structural difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

Which substances are detoxified by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

What is the primary function of cilia?

Which of the following is true about flagella?

Which statement accurately describes the length of flagella compared to cilia?

What is the only cell type mentioned to have flagella?

How do cilia differ from flagella in their primary function?

What is a vesicle?

During which process do materials move into a cell in a vesicle?

Which type of endocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles like bacteria?

What happens during exocytosis?

What is transcytosis?

What forms a basketlike structure on the cytosolic side of the membrane during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Which of these particles can receptor proteins recognize and bind to during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

What happens to the receptor proteins after the vesicle fuses with an endosome?

At what stage is the clathrin coat removed during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Where is the LDL particle degraded during receptor-mediated endocytosis?

What step follows the internalization of the receptor-LDL complex when the plasma membrane invaginates?

What is the primary function of exocytosis in neurons?

Which ion is crucial for triggering the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane?

What happens immediately after the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

What causes the nerve impulse to reach the synaptic end bulb in the presynaptic neuron?

What role do voltage-gated calcium channels play in exocytosis?

What process can happen to the neurotransmitter after being released into the synaptic cleft?

Which type of channels open in response to the neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

What signifies the end of the exocytosis process in the synapse?

Study Notes

Phagocytosis

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

Organelles

Exocytosis

Cilia and Flagella

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules

Vesicular Transport

Bulk-phase Endocytosis (Pinocytosis)

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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