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Cell Biology: Phagocytosis and Defense Mechanisms
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Cell Biology: Phagocytosis and Defense Mechanisms

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@EnthusiasticWhale

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in animal cells?

  • Digestion of biomolecules (correct)
  • Synthesis of membrane lipids
  • Transport of proteins
  • Storage of calcium ions

    • Which cellular organelle is described as the 'power plant' of the cell?

  • Golgi complex
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria (correct)

    • What is the role of glycosylated integral proteins in lysosomal membranes?

  • Digesting biomolecules
  • Transporting ions into the lysosome
  • Protecting the membrane from enzymes (correct)
  • Facilitating protein synthesis

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes the endomembrane system?

    <p>It includes endocytic and secretory pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the synthesis of secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins primarily occur?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from the rough ER?

    <p>Production of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for transporting materials out of the cell?

    <p>Biosynthetic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes constitutive secretion?

    <p>Discharge of materials to the extracellular matrix continuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of lysosomes within the endomembrane system?

    <p>Degradation of macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is primarily synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Secreted proteins and integral membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the endocytic pathway characterized?

    <p>Internalization of substances into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi complex plays a significant role in which of the following processes?

    <p>Modification and transport of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome?

    <p>Cargo within the phagosome is digested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism prevents bacteria from being digested by lysosomal enzymes?

    <p>They stop vacuoles from fusing with lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes in animal cells?

    <p>Breaking down materials from the extracellular matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure surrounds an organelle during autophagy?

    <p>Double membrane derived from ER cisternae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of forming a residual body after lysosomal digestion?

    <p>To keep aging cellular components as lipofuscin granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different hydrolytic enzymes do lysosomes typically contain?

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT a specific aim stated for understanding the endomembrane system?

    <p>Structure and function of mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>The plasma membrane folds around the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do integral proteins differ from soluble secretory and lysosomal proteins during translocation?

    <p>Integral proteins are shunted directly into the lipid bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial sugar transfer in the process of N-linked glycosylation in the RER?

    <p>Transfer of N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of oligosaccharide is synthesized in the ER?

    <p>N-linked oligosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to membrane components as they move from the ER to other parts of the cell?

    <p>They are modified during their transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the synthesis of most membrane lipids occur?

    <p>Entirely in the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi complex in relation to proteins?

    <p>Modifies proteins received from the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the functions of the cis-Golgi network (CGN) from the trans-Golgi network (TGN)?

    <p>CGN sorts proteins to the ER or forward to Golgi, while TGN sorts proteins to vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycosylation in the Golgi complex, how does the addition of sugars vary?

    <p>The sequence of sugars depends on specific glycotransferases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of COPI-coated vesicles?

    <p>Move proteins backward from Golgi to ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of clathrin-coated vesicles?

    <p>They facilitate the transport of materials from TGN to endosomes, and lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell structure functions as a sorting station for proteins destined for different pathways?

    <p>Golgi complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main form of carbohydrate synthesized by the Golgi complex?

    <p>Complex oligosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do transport vesicles ensure the selection of cargo?

    <p>By being covered with a specific protein coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between glycosylation occurring in the Golgi complex compared to the ER?

    <p>Glycosylation is varied in the Golgi but uniform in the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phagocytosis Process

    • Organisms or particles become enclosed by folds of the plasma membrane.
    • Folds fuse to create a phagosome, which then pinches off and enters the cell.
    • Phagosome merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome for digestion of the cargo.

    Bacterial Defense Mechanisms

    • Certain bacteria prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion.
    • Some can enter lysosomes but resist degradation by enzymes.
    • Others can destroy lysosomal membranes, escaping digestion.

    Specific Aims of Study

    • Aim to understand the overall intracellular structure.
    • Focus on the structure and function of mitochondria.
    • Investigate the overall structure of the endomembrane system.

    Endomembrane System Components

    • Components include rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex, vesicles, endosomes, and lysosomes.
    • Each component has specific structures and functions regarding protein and lipid synthesis, transport, and modification.

    Lysosomes

    • Lysosomes act as the cell's digestive organelles, breaking down materials brought in from the extracellular matrix (ECM).
    • They also perform autophagy, surrounding organelles to be degraded within a double membrane.
    • Breakdown generates energy, removes damaged proteins, and can form residual bodies or lipofuscin granules.

    Number of Enzymes in Lysosomes

    • Typically contain over 50 hydrolytic enzymes produced in the rough ER and specifically targeted to lysosomes.
    • Maintain a low pH (~4.6) by using proton pumps to support enzymatic activity.

    Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Rough ER has ribosomes attached for protein synthesis, involved in the biosynthetic pathway.
    • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, functions in lipid synthesis, glucose release from glycogen, and Ca2+ sequestration.

    Proteins Synthesized in Rough ER

    • Functions as the site for polypeptide synthesis, including secretory proteins and integral membrane proteins.
    • Integral proteins are integrated into lipid bilayer directly during synthesis.

    Glycosylation Process

    • Begins in the rough ER, where specific oligosaccharides are added to proteins.
    • Involves a lipid carrier, dilichol phosphate, for the sequential addition of sugars forming N-linked oligosaccharides.

    Golgi Complex Functions

    • The Golgi complex modifies proteins received from the rough ER.
    • The cis-Golgi network functions as a sorting station for proteins directed back to the ER or onward into the Golgi.
    • Glycosylation in the Golgi varies, allowing complex oligosaccharide modifications.

    Vesicular Transport Mechanisms

    • Transport vesicles feature protein coats that facilitate cargo selection.
    • COPII-coated vesicles transport materials from ER to Golgi.
    • COPI-coated vesicles move materials backward from the Golgi to the ER.
    • Clathrin-coated vesicles transport materials to endosomes and lysosomes, as well as from plasma membrane to cytosol.

    Retaining ER Proteins

    • Mechanisms exist to maintain and retrieve resident ER proteins, ensuring proper cellular function and homeostasis.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the processes of phagocytosis and bacterial defense mechanisms against host cell digestion. It focuses on the structure and function of the endomembrane system, including lysosomes and their roles in cellular digestion. Test your understanding of these essential concepts in cell biology.

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