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Questions and Answers
What process involves the active movement of substances from inside to outside the cell using vesicles?
What process involves the active movement of substances from inside to outside the cell using vesicles?
What term describes the formation of pseudopodia to engulf solid particles?
What term describes the formation of pseudopodia to engulf solid particles?
Which type of cells are primarily involved in engulfing bacteria through phagocytosis?
Which type of cells are primarily involved in engulfing bacteria through phagocytosis?
Which mechanism is specifically involved in the uptake of extracellular fluid?
Which mechanism is specifically involved in the uptake of extracellular fluid?
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What is formed when the ends of a pinocytic pocket fuse and detach from the cell membrane?
What is formed when the ends of a pinocytic pocket fuse and detach from the cell membrane?
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Which of the following correctly describes the consequence of non-functioning growth hormone (GH) receptors?
Which of the following correctly describes the consequence of non-functioning growth hormone (GH) receptors?
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What happens to ligands during receptor-mediated endocytosis?
What happens to ligands during receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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Which organelles are primarily responsible for cell respiration and energy production?
Which organelles are primarily responsible for cell respiration and energy production?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria within a cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria within a cell?
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Which statement about mitochondrial DNA is true?
Which statement about mitochondrial DNA is true?
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What structural feature of mitochondria increases surface area for ATP production?
What structural feature of mitochondria increases surface area for ATP production?
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In addition to energy production, what other function do mitochondria perform related to ions?
In addition to energy production, what other function do mitochondria perform related to ions?
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Which membrane of mitochondria is characterized as being smooth and porous?
Which membrane of mitochondria is characterized as being smooth and porous?
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Which organelle contains oxidative enzymes necessary for the citric acid cycle?
Which organelle contains oxidative enzymes necessary for the citric acid cycle?
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Which characteristic of the inner mitochondrial membrane is key to its function?
Which characteristic of the inner mitochondrial membrane is key to its function?
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In mitochondrial myopathies, what is primarily affected?
In mitochondrial myopathies, what is primarily affected?
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What is the function of the glycocalyx on the outer surface of the plasma membrane?
What is the function of the glycocalyx on the outer surface of the plasma membrane?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes transmembrane proteins?
Which of the following statements correctly describes transmembrane proteins?
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How do the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails contribute to the structure of the plasma membrane?
How do the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails contribute to the structure of the plasma membrane?
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What is the primary purpose of the selective permeability of the cell membrane?
What is the primary purpose of the selective permeability of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer's influence on membrane fluidity?
Which of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer's influence on membrane fluidity?
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What is the characteristic appearance of the cell membrane under electron microscopy?
What is the characteristic appearance of the cell membrane under electron microscopy?
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What roles do protein molecules play in the plasma membrane?
What roles do protein molecules play in the plasma membrane?
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What is a common characteristic of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
What is a common characteristic of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
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What is histology primarily concerned with studying?
What is histology primarily concerned with studying?
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Which of the following organelles is classified as membranous?
Which of the following organelles is classified as membranous?
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What role do inclusions play in the cell?
What role do inclusions play in the cell?
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What is the basic structural unit of living organisms as defined in the content?
What is the basic structural unit of living organisms as defined in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm?
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Which of these statements accurately describes membranous organelles?
Which of these statements accurately describes membranous organelles?
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How would you classify ribosomes based on their structure?
How would you classify ribosomes based on their structure?
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Which organelle's structure is directly related to energy production in the cell?
Which organelle's structure is directly related to energy production in the cell?
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Study Notes
Cell Transport Mechanisms
- Active movement of substances occurs via vesicle formation, transporting materials from inside to outside the cell.
- Phagocytosis (Cell Eating) involves pseudopodia extending from the cell membrane to engulf solid particles, such as bacteria. This results in the formation of a phagosome which fuses with lysosomes for digestion.
- Pinocytosis (Cell Drinking) is characterized by the formation of pockets in the cell membrane that surround extracellular fluid, leading to the creation of pinocytic vesicles, which also fuse with lysosomes for content digestion.
Significance of Integral Proteins
- Integral proteins at the cell membrane bind specific ligands and interact with other proteins on the cytoplasmic side, forming coated pits that invaginate and pinch off, allowing for the uptake of substances like hormones.
Growth Hormone Deficiency
- Dwarfism can result from a deficiency in growth hormone (GH) or from non-functioning GH receptors on the target cells, despite normal levels of GH.
Mitochondria
- Membranous organelles responsible for cellular respiration and energy production, often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell."
- Active cells, such as liver cells, can contain up to 1000 mitochondria per cell.
- Mitochondria exhibit a trilaminar membrane appearance under electron microscopy and have distinctive structures, including two membranes surrounding an intermembranous space.
Histology and Cytology
- Histology is the study of microscopic structures of cells, tissues, and organs (Histo = tissue, Logia = study).
- Cytology focuses on cellular structure and function, defining the cell as the basic unit of life.
Types of Organelles
- Membranous Organelles: Include mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, and nucleus.
- Non-Membranous Organelles: Include ribosomes, centrioles, microfilaments, and inclusions. They are considered living, permanent, essential, and have vital functions.
Structure and Function of Cell Membrane
- The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is trilaminar and typically difficult to visualize due to its thinness (8-10 nm).
- Comprised of phospholipid molecules with a hydrophilic (polar, charged) head and hydrophobic (non-polar, uncharged) tails, contributing to selective permeability.
- Proteins may be loosely attached or embedded in the lipid bilayer, with transmembrane proteins extending across.
Mitochondrial Functions
- Mitochondria are essential for energy production, containing oxidative enzymes for ATP synthesis and being capable of self-replication due to their own DNA.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to conditions like mitochondrial myopathies, affecting energy production and muscle function.
Glycocalyx
- A layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the outer surface of the cell membrane, contributing to cell recognition and communication.
Key Processes and Staining
- Mitochondria can be stained with various techniques, including silver and Janus green, aiding in their identification and study.
Review Questions
- Essential for cell vitality: Membranes and organelles are crucial, while inclusions and vacuoles are non-essential.
- Mitochondria function: Primarily responsible for energy production.
- Glycocalyx: Refers to a protective layer on the cell surface composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
- Organelles containing DNA: Only mitochondria possess their own DNA.
- Cell membrane's role: Responsible for selective diffusion.
- "Cell drinking" refers to pinocytosis, where the cell engulfs extracellular fluid.
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Description
This quiz explores the process of phagocytosis, where substances move from inside to outside a cell through vesicles. The focus is on how cells engulf solid particles, such as bacteria, using pseudopodia and forming vacuoles for digestion. Test your knowledge on this crucial cellular mechanism!
