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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of petrophysical properties in the context of reservoir rocks?
Which of the following best describes the role of petrophysical properties in the context of reservoir rocks?
- They control the temperature gradient within the reservoir.
- They define the geological age of the rock formations.
- They solely determine the economic value of the extracted hydrocarbons.
- They dictate the ability of rocks to store and transmit reservoir fluids. (correct)
In the context of hydrocarbon accumulation, what is the relationship between source rocks and traps?
In the context of hydrocarbon accumulation, what is the relationship between source rocks and traps?
- Traps are formed before source rocks.
- Source rocks must be present in addition to traps for hydrocarbon accumulation. (correct)
- Traps and source rocks are mutually exclusive geological features.
- Source rocks are only necessary for natural gas accumulation, not oil.
Why do hydrocarbons migrate towards areas of lower pressure?
Why do hydrocarbons migrate towards areas of lower pressure?
- They are lighter than water. (correct)
- They are attracted to impermeable layers.
- They are heavier than surrounding materials.
- They are repelled by reservoir fluids.
What role does the water beneath the oil typically play during primary recovery operations?
What role does the water beneath the oil typically play during primary recovery operations?
What is the primary function of 'cap rock' in a petroleum system?
What is the primary function of 'cap rock' in a petroleum system?
What are the two main factors that influence the distribution of fluids within traps?
What are the two main factors that influence the distribution of fluids within traps?
In the context of fluid distribution in porous rocks, what is the effect of capillarity?
In the context of fluid distribution in porous rocks, what is the effect of capillarity?
Which of the following is an example of a 'structural trap'?
Which of the following is an example of a 'structural trap'?
What best describes 'reservoir drive'?
What best describes 'reservoir drive'?
Which natural drive mechanism typically has the lowest recovery factor?
Which natural drive mechanism typically has the lowest recovery factor?
Flashcards
Petrophysical Properties
Petrophysical Properties
Characteristics describing rock behavior and interaction with reservoir fluids.
Petrophysical properties define
Petrophysical properties define
Ability of rocks to store and transmit reservoir fluids.
Porosity (Φ)
Porosity (Φ)
Fraction of bulk volume in a rock that is pore space.
Permeability (K)
Permeability (K)
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Saturation (S)
Saturation (S)
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Compressibility (C)
Compressibility (C)
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Traps and Reservoirs
Traps and Reservoirs
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Source Rocks
Source Rocks
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Reservoir Rocks
Reservoir Rocks
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Cap Rocks
Cap Rocks
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Study Notes
- Petrophysical properties describe the behavior of rocks and their interaction with reservoir fluids.
- These determine the ability of rocks to store and transmit reservoir fluids.
Key Petrophysical Properties:
- Porosity (Ø)
- Permeability (K)
- Saturation (S)
- Compressibility (C)
- Electrical Properties
Traps and Reservoirs:
- Hydrocarbon accumulations need source rocks and traps to exist in a location.
- Hydrocarbons are lighter than water and move towards lower pressure, accumulating in traps surrounded by impermeable layers.
- Petroleum reservoir is the part of the trap containing hydrocarbons
- Aquifer is the part containing water.
- Typically, water beneath the oil acts as a hydraulic system, which helps push the oil toward the production well during primary recovery operations.
Factors for a Petroleum Reservoir:
- Source rocks contain buried primary organic materials.
- High temperature and pressure transform the organic matter into hydrocarbons
- Reservoir rocks must have porosity and permeability to accumulate oil and gas.
- Traps prevent oil from escaping and restrict movement.
- Impermeable cap rocks prevent oil from seeping out of the trap.
- Pathway hydrocarbons follow to move.
Fluid Distribution in Traps:
- Porous rocks contain oil, gas, and water.
- Distribution relies on gravity and capillarity
Gravity:
- Helps lighter fluids rise to the upper areas of the trap.
Capillarity:
- Causes wetting fluids to enter the pores containing non-wetting fluids.
- Water is wetting for sedimentary rocks compared to oil and gas.
- Oil is wetting for rocks compared to gas.
Types of Traps:
- Structural
- Stratigraphy
- Combination
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms:
- Petroleum reservoirs are classified based on the type of natural drive (Primary recovery).
- Reservoir drive is the energy that pushes crude oil or natural gas from reservoir layers to the production well during extraction operations.
- Natural drive mechanisms include:
- Dissolved gas drive.
- Gas cap drive.
- Gravity drive.
- Water drive.
Dissolved Gas Drive:
- Accounts for 5% to 30% of the recovery factor.
- Pressure decreases, causing dissolved gas in the oil to expand, pushing oil into the production well.
Gas Cap Drive:
- Accounts for 20% to 40% of recovery.
- Pressure decreases and gas in the top of the oil reservoir expands, which pushes oil toward the well.
Gravity Drive:
- Accounts for 50% to 65% of recovery.
- Gravity helps move hydrocarbons downward toward the production well.
Water Drive:
- Accounts for 35% to 60% of recovery.
- Water beneath the oil moves upward as oil is extracted, which pushes the oil toward the production well.
Combination Drive:
- Accounts for 20% to 65% of recovery.
- Combination of mechanisms drives oil and gas to the production well.
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