Pesticide Nomenclature

• The term pesticide includes active ingredients, adjuvants, and pesticide formulations, intended to control, prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest.
• Understanding pesticide names and classifications is necessary for managing risks to humans and the environment while using pesticides.

Pesticide Nomenclature

• Pesticide nomenclature involves identifying pesticides by their chemical and common names.
• Everything is made of chemicals.
• Chemical nomenclature utilizes systematic rules to name chemical compounds, often following guidelines from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
• IUPAC names are not typically found on pesticide labels but may be in the material safety data sheet (MSDS/SDS).
• Common names, like mancozeb, glyphosate, and cypermethrin, simplify chemical names and are accepted globally by organizations like ISO and ANSI to promote understanding.
• Common names provide a reference for people with or without a technical background.

Experimental Names

• Experimental names are assigned to molecules with pesticidal action during research.
• An analogue is a chemical compound structurally similar to another but with slight compositional differences.
• For example, DPX-E2Y45 was an experimental code name for chlorantraniliprole.
• DPX denotes the company (DuPont), and E2Y45 represents the specific active ingredient patented.

Trade Names

• Trade names are given by manufacturers for commercialization
• They establish brand presence in the marketplace.
• Chlorantraniliprole is branded as RynaxypyrTM, appearing in products like PrevathonTM 5SC.
• Other licensed products can use the common name on labels, but RynaxypyrTM and chlorantraniliprole are essentially the same.

Pesticide Classifications - Registration Data Protection

• Proprietary pesticide products are those whose patent and registration data have not expired, allowing the original registrant to exclusively manufacture the product.
• A patent is a legal right granted by the government to inventors for disclosing an invention, allowing exclusive exploitation for 20 years from filing, without renewal.
• Maximizing the opportunity to return the investment and profit will not be the whole 20 year period.
• The FPA provides data protection.

Restriction Categories

• Banned pesticides cannot be brought into or used in the country under any circumstances.
• This includes pesticides found unacceptable for use or voluntarily withdrawn.
• Banned pesticides in other countries may be allowed under the Principle of Prior Informed Consent (PIC).
• Restriction categories also include health hazards and the need to gather more information.
• Restriction is determined by factors like toxicity, antidotes, carcinogenicity, and environmental properties.
• Compounds believed to have potential adverse effects are monitored to obtain local experience under controlled conditions.
• Restrictions due to phytotoxicity to crops are applicable to herbicides.
• Restrictions in the circumstances where the tolerance of a crop to a particular herbicide is dependent upon certain conditions which may not be followed under ordinary farmer's field conditions.

Pesticides for Institutional Use Only

• The use of these pesticides is limited to institutions.
• Institutional users exercise close supervision of pesticide application.
• Occupational exposure can be limited to smaller and more homogeneous groups.
• Protective clothing requirements, exposure times and other safety factors can be more readily managed.
• Pesticides for institutional use are made available directly from the distributor/importer to the institution, without over-the-counter sales.
• Restrictions may be removed if sufficient information is generated.

Pesticides for Certified Pesticide Applicator Use Only

• Restricted pesticides should be used and applied only by or under the supervision of certified pesticide applicators.

Applicator Training and RPAS

• Training programs educate on proper use and handling of pesticides as certified applicators.
• RPAS (drone) operators applying pesticides need AgCPA certification per FPA Memorandum Circular No. 28 s. 2018.
• RPAS AgCPAs should only apply pesticides registered with FPA for RPAS use.
• Guidelines for registration of drone use products are in the 2020 FPA Greenbook.

Pesticides Based on Nature and Use Pattern

• Toxicity categories are classified, based on toxicity and hazard.
• The hazard referred to is generally the acute risk to health.
• The toxicity category does not equal to the toxicity to target pests.
• There are (424 total) registered pesticides as solo or mixed active ingredient combinations, based on August 2022 FPA data.
• Only 4 are in Category I, mainly for fumigation, requiring special training.
• Category II has 79.
• Category III has 64.
• Category IV has 256.
• There are 21 without classification.

Chemical Peticides

• Chemical pesticides are classified for registration purposes under FPA Greenbook section 2.1.4.

Chemical Pesticide Types

• Agriculture/Home Garden/Turf Use pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, nematicides, bactericides, molluscicides, and acaricides (miticides).
• Other chemical pesticides, used alone or in combination, include growth regulators, defoliants, desiccants, systemic activators of resistance, surfactants/adjuvants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, penetrants, synergists, and agricultural disinfectants.

Biorational Pesticides

• Biorational pesticides include biochemical pest control agents and microbial pest control agents.
• Biochemical agents include semiochemicals like pheromones, kairomones, and allomones, as well as hormones, natural plant regulators (auxins), and enzymes.
• Microbial agents include bacterium, fungus, protozoa, and virus.
• Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) can be single or combined/stacked.
• Chemical synthesized pesticides dominate the market, limiting opportunity for biorational pesticides.

Pesticide Formulations

• FAO defines formulation as the combination of ingredients designed to render a product useful and effective.
• Pesticides can be liquid or solid.
• A pesticide may not have more than one formulation due to the active ingredient properties.

Resistance Management Code

• Resistance development is critical for crop protection.
• Repeated use of pesticides with the same mode of action (MoA) increases pest resistance.
• Sequential applications or mixtures with different MoA's delays resistance.
• The time interval between new active ingredients is lengthy.
• The FPA includes MoA number guidance on pesticide labels from the Resistance Action Committee (RAC).
• Labels and education are key to resistance management.

Disinfectants

• Methods and products for disinfection are now under FPA's jurisdiction.
• Disinfectants can be used alone or in combinations.
• Users should read labels for correct product selection.
• Disinfectants are not interchangeable.
• Common groups include alcohol, chlorine compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, iodophors, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), peracetic acid, peracetic acid with hydrogen peroxide, phenolics, and quaternary ammonium compounds.