Questions and Answers
Which of the following researchers is associated with the PEN model of personality?
Hans Eysenck
What is the primary focus of Jan Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT)?
The energetic and temporal characteristics of behavior
Which of the following researchers emphasized the genetic basis of temperamental traits?
Jan Strelau
What is the name of the study conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess?
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Which of the following researchers developed a scale to measure individual differences in the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences?
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Who is associated with the concept of 'goodness of fit' in child development?
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Which of the following researchers drew inspiration from Jung's concepts of extraversion and introversion?
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What is the name of the ancient Greek physician who proposed that an imbalance of the four humors influences personality?
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What is a major objection to Pavlov's typology?
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What is a characteristic of the strong, balanced, mobile nervous system type?
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What is the primary focus of Pavlov's studies on the nervous system?
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What is a criticism of the Regulative Theory of Temperament?
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What is a characteristic of the phlegmatic type according to Pavlov's typology?
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What is not a property of the central nervous system responsible for individual differences in conditioning and behavior according to Pavlov's studies?
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What is a common criticism of typologies in general?
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What is the primary focus of the Regulative Theory of Temperament?
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What percentage of phenotypic variance in traits is attributed to genetic factors according to research?
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Which of the following theories suggests that temperament characteristics are observable from early infancy in both humans and animals?
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What is the term for the dimension of personality characterized by the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences?
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Which study categorized children's temperament into three types: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up?
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What is the role of the ARAS in regulating cortical arousal according to Eysenck's PEN Theory?
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What is the result of a mismatch between a child's temperament and the demands of the environment according to Thomas and Chess's approach?
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Which theory suggests that personality traits have a biological basis and are universal across cultures?
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What is the term for the concept that describes the interaction between a child's temperament and the demands of the environment?
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What trait is associated with a higher propensity for creativity due to encouraging divergent thinking and originality?
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Which of the following traits is NOT associated with a higher risk of substance use problems?
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Eysenck's three superfactors are considered to be universal, independent, and biologically conditioned, but they are NOT:
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What is a characteristic of people high in psychoticism?
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Which of the following facets is NOT associated with neuroticism?
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What is a consequence of high discounting rate in individuals?
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Which trait is associated with nonconformity and impulsivity?
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What is a common trait associated with individuals at higher risk of substance use problems?
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According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id operates based on which principle?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Eysenck's three superfactors?
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Which personality trait is characterized by self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and anxiety?
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What is the main assumption behind Cattell's theory of individual traits?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cattell's personality traits?
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What is the focus of the Trait Theory?
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Which of the following is a common criticism of Eysenck's theory?
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What is the relationship between the lexical hypothesis and factor analysis in Cattell's theory?
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Study Notes
Historical Background
- Hippocrates proposed that an imbalance of four humors (blood, bile, black bile, and phlegm) results in distinct personality types: sanguine (optimistic), choleric (irritable), melancholic (depressed), and phlegmatic (calm)
- Galen expanded on this idea, suggesting that these humors influence both physical health and temperament
Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT)
- Focuses on energetic and temporal characteristics of behavior
- Suggests that temperamental traits are observable from early infancy and are primarily biologically determined
- Emphasizes the importance of these traits in extreme situations and their genetic basis, evidenced by studies on twins
Eysenck's PEN Model
- Includes three major dimensions: Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism
- Grounded in a biological basis of personality, suggesting these traits are universally present across cultures
- Borrows from Hippocrates-Galen typology and Jung's concepts of extraversion and introversion
Thomas and Chess's Child Temperament
- Identified three types of children based on temperament: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up
- Highlighted the interaction between a child's temperament and environmental demands, emphasizing the concept of "goodness of fit" for optimal development
Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)
- Measures individual differences in the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences
- Considers these dimensions to capture significant variations in human personality
Objections and Criticisms
- Ignoring the role of the environment and social conditions in shaping mental characteristics
- Treating traits such as tolerance or eating culture as hereditary traits
- Unjustified claim that healthy people harbor the seeds of mental illness
- False assumption that the difference between health and disease is only quantitative
- Lack of empirical evidence for a correspondence between body structure and specific temperament traits
- Methodological errors in research
- Social costs – these typologies became the scientific basis of racism
Studies on Pavlovian Typology
- Pavlov's studies on the nervous system emphasize the fundamental properties of the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for individual differences in conditioning and behavior
- Identified four types of nervous systems based on properties such as strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, mobility of nervous processes, and balance of nervous processes
Studies on Regulative Theory of Temperament
- Describes temperament in terms of independent traits: sensory sensitivity, emotional reactivity, endurance, activity, briskness, and perseverance
- Research suggests that about 40% of the phenotypic variance in these traits is attributable to genetic factors
Studies on PEN Theory
- Identifies three major dimensions of personality: Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism
- Suggests that these dimensions have a biological basis and are universal across cultures
Child Temperament
- Thomas and Chess's approach highlights the importance of the goodness of fit between a child's temperament and the demands of the environment
- Emphasizes the role of individual differences from early infancy and the influence of both biological and environmental factors
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