Personality Theories in Psychology
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Personality Theories in Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to adolescent depression?

  • Both environmental and biological factors (correct)
  • Only biological factors
  • Only environmental factors
  • Neither environmental nor biological factors

    • How can Lesego's parents encourage him to help other people?

  • Punishing him for being nasty
  • Letting him continue without intervention
  • Rewarding helpful behavior (correct)
  • Ignoring his behavior

    • What is a gender stereotype?

  • A social expectation based on someone's gender (correct)
  • An individual's understanding of their gender
  • The societal role of an individual
  • A person's biological sex

    • How might Kabelo describe his best friend at age 3?

    <p>Based on physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One positive effect of playing video games for children is:

    <p>Enhanced problem-solving skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marcia (1980), which identity status involves actively exploring various options?

    <p>Identity moratorium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Allport believe is the ultimate and necessary goal of life?

    <p>Unique traits and common traits are combined into personal dispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Cattell mainly interested in studying?

    <p>Studying the personality of normal people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Cattell use for the treatment of data?

    <p>Factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an external locus of control?

    <p>They see little value in exerting any effort to change or improve their situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of collectivist versus individualistic cultural differences, for Asians, success is viewed:

    <p>more as a product of external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cattell's research, what proportion of our personality is genetically based?

    <p>One-third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Schneidwind, 1995, those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n) _____ locus of control.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cattell, what types of traits exist on the uniqueness and universality issue?

    <p>Common; unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model, what are the characteristic traits of the factor of openness?

    <p>Original, independent, creative, and daring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pro-social risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly _____ sensation seeking scores than anti-social risk takers, such as drug addicts and criminals.

    <p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Seligman, people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to:

    <p>take responsibility for their care when they are experiencing health problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People who have a more _____ explanatory style recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures.

    <p>optimistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Asian collectivist cultures, successes are often attributed to:

    <p>support from the community and external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of explanatory style do people who blame external factors for their failures typically have?

    <p>Pessimistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kelly attempted to describe all aspects of personality, including its emotional components, strictly in terms of:

    <p>cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kelly, individuals use personal constructs to:

    <p>predict and control the events in their lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes a construct?

    <p>It is an intellectual hypothesis to explain or interpret life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Personal constructs are oriented toward the:

    <p>anticipation of future events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kelly viewed human nature as:

    <p>rational and capable of choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are criticisms of Kelly's theory except that:

    <p>the concept of the unconscious lacks empirical support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following did Skinner reject as valid characteristics of personality?

    <p>All of these are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true of superstitious behaviour?

    <p>It is the result of a behaviour being reinforced accidentally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the needs-hierarchy theory, what is necessary to achieve self-actualization?

    <p>All of these are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes self-actualizers according to Maslow?

    <p>They accept their strengths and weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Maslow argue about human nature?

    <p>Human nature is basically good, decent, and kind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rogers' personality theory is rooted in which of the following?

    <p>Humanistic psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Rogers, how should counselors treat delinquent children?

    <p>Modify the children's self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Rogers describe the way one sees the environment?

    <p>Dependent on one's perception of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Rogers' view, what process helps us judge experiences for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth?

    <p>Organismic valuing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Rogers, what is a trait of a fully functioning person?

    <p>Is open to all experiences and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides individuals an opportunity to:

    <p>develop their basic strengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following did Erikson consider to be a positive outcome in the young adulthood stage?

    <p>A person acquires the skill of competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ego integrity involves:

    <p>accepting one's place and one's past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is:

    <p>incomplete in its description of the last stage of maturity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The personality theorist who helped bring personality into the mainstream and made it an academically respectable topic is:

    <p>Gordon Allport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Allport, our uniqueness is determined by:

    <p>our childhood experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of Horney's theory on personality?

    <p>It reflects a feminist viewpoint of psychoanalysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horney agreed with Freud about the:

    <p>importance of the early childhood years in shaping the adult personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Horney's view, the more _______ a child feels, the more the child represses his or her hostility toward the parents.

    <p>secure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Horney, neurotic needs are:

    <p>irrational defenses against anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horney believed that a self-image is constructed by (a) ________ person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.

    <p>normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided when children are raised:

    <p>with love, acceptance, and trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the ________ than on the ________.

    <p>ego; id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erikson used the term ________ to refer to the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors.

    <p>epigenetic principle of maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On the issue of free will versus determinism, Skinner believed people function:

    <p>by unconscious conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of modeling, which of the following is more likely to be imitated?

    <p>Behaviors that are rewarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bandura believed that self-reinforcement:

    <p>is achieved by setting personal standards of behaviour and achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In modeling, it is possible for individuals to acquire responses:

    <p>that have never been performed or displayed before.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In guided participation, a snake phobia can be eliminated by:

    <p>having subjects observe a live model, then actually handle the snake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bandura stated, 'People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives.... The striving for control over life circumstances permeates almost everything people do.' This is a description of:

    <p>self-development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality Theories

    Horney's Theory

    • Horney's theory on personality does not relate only to an adult's personality development, but also considers childhood experiences.
    • Horney disagrees with Freud on the importance of instincts and the role of the unconscious in shaping personality.
    • She believes that a child's feelings of security and protection influence their personality development.
    • Neurotic needs, according to Horney, are irrational defenses against anxiety.
    • A self-image, in Horney's view, is constructed by a normal person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.

    Erikson's Theory

    • Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the ego than on the id.
    • He believed that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors, which he called the epigenetic principle of maturation.
    • Erikson's theory emphasizes the importance of social and environmental factors in shaping personality.

    Locus of Control

    • People with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over their lives and that their actions can affect the outcome of events.
    • Those with an external locus of control, on the other hand, believe that their lives are controlled by external factors, such as chance or fate.
    • Research has shown that people with an internal locus of control tend to have better mental and physical health, higher self-esteem, and lower anxiety.

    Self-Actualization

    • Self-actualization, according to Maslow, is the highest human need, which involves realizing one's full potential and becoming the best version of oneself.
    • Self-actualizers, in Maslow's view, accept their strengths and weaknesses, are open to new experiences, and have a strong sense of self-identity.
    • Rogers' personality theory, which is rooted in humanistic psychology, emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and the role of the environment in shaping personality.

    Depression in Adolescents

    • Depression in adolescents is a complex issue that involves both environmental and biological factors.
    • Environmental factors, such as family conflicts, social pressures, and academic stress, can contribute to depression in adolescents.
    • Biological factors, such as genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain development, can also play a role in depression.

    Personality Development

    • Personality development, according to Kelly, involves the use of personal constructs to predict and control events in our lives.
    • Personal constructs are intellectual hypotheses that we use to explain and interpret life events.
    • Kelly's theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping personality.

    Skinner's Theory

    • Skinner's theory views human beings as empty organisms, without thoughts or feelings, and emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior.
    • He believed that behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment, and that human behavior can be controlled through the manipulation of environmental factors.
    • Skinner rejected the concept of the unconscious and the idea of motivation as valid characteristics of personality.

    Cattell's Theory

    • Cattell's theory of personality emphasizes the importance of trait theory, which views personality as a combination of unique traits and common traits.
    • He used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors, which are combined to form an individual's personality.
    • Cattell believed that one-third of our personality is genetically based.

    Bandura's Theory

    • Bandura's theory of personality emphasizes the importance of learning and modeling in shaping behavior.
    • He believed that people can acquire new responses through observation and imitation of others.
    • Self-reinforcement, in Bandura's view, is achieved by setting personal standards of behavior and achievement.

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    Test your knowledge of personality theories, including Horney's theory, and psychoanalytic concepts. Questions cover key concepts and principles in psychology.

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