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Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors can contribute to adolescent depression?
Which of the following factors can contribute to adolescent depression?
How can Lesego's parents encourage him to help other people?
How can Lesego's parents encourage him to help other people?
What is a gender stereotype?
What is a gender stereotype?
How might Kabelo describe his best friend at age 3?
How might Kabelo describe his best friend at age 3?
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One positive effect of playing video games for children is:
One positive effect of playing video games for children is:
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According to Marcia (1980), which identity status involves actively exploring various options?
According to Marcia (1980), which identity status involves actively exploring various options?
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What did Allport believe is the ultimate and necessary goal of life?
What did Allport believe is the ultimate and necessary goal of life?
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What was Cattell mainly interested in studying?
What was Cattell mainly interested in studying?
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What method did Cattell use for the treatment of data?
What method did Cattell use for the treatment of data?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an external locus of control?
Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an external locus of control?
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In the context of collectivist versus individualistic cultural differences, for Asians, success is viewed:
In the context of collectivist versus individualistic cultural differences, for Asians, success is viewed:
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According to Cattell's research, what proportion of our personality is genetically based?
According to Cattell's research, what proportion of our personality is genetically based?
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According to Schneidwind, 1995, those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n) _____ locus of control.
According to Schneidwind, 1995, those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n) _____ locus of control.
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According to Cattell, what types of traits exist on the uniqueness and universality issue?
According to Cattell, what types of traits exist on the uniqueness and universality issue?
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In the context of McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model, what are the characteristic traits of the factor of openness?
In the context of McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model, what are the characteristic traits of the factor of openness?
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Pro-social risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly _____ sensation seeking scores than anti-social risk takers, such as drug addicts and criminals.
Pro-social risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly _____ sensation seeking scores than anti-social risk takers, such as drug addicts and criminals.
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According to Seligman, people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to:
According to Seligman, people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to:
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People who have a more _____ explanatory style recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures.
People who have a more _____ explanatory style recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures.
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In Asian collectivist cultures, successes are often attributed to:
In Asian collectivist cultures, successes are often attributed to:
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What kind of explanatory style do people who blame external factors for their failures typically have?
What kind of explanatory style do people who blame external factors for their failures typically have?
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Kelly attempted to describe all aspects of personality, including its emotional components, strictly in terms of:
Kelly attempted to describe all aspects of personality, including its emotional components, strictly in terms of:
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According to Kelly, individuals use personal constructs to:
According to Kelly, individuals use personal constructs to:
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Which of the following statements best describes a construct?
Which of the following statements best describes a construct?
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Personal constructs are oriented toward the:
Personal constructs are oriented toward the:
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Kelly viewed human nature as:
Kelly viewed human nature as:
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All of the following are criticisms of Kelly's theory except that:
All of the following are criticisms of Kelly's theory except that:
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Which of the following did Skinner reject as valid characteristics of personality?
Which of the following did Skinner reject as valid characteristics of personality?
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Which of the following statements is true of superstitious behaviour?
Which of the following statements is true of superstitious behaviour?
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In the context of the needs-hierarchy theory, what is necessary to achieve self-actualization?
In the context of the needs-hierarchy theory, what is necessary to achieve self-actualization?
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Which characteristic describes self-actualizers according to Maslow?
Which characteristic describes self-actualizers according to Maslow?
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What did Maslow argue about human nature?
What did Maslow argue about human nature?
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Rogers' personality theory is rooted in which of the following?
Rogers' personality theory is rooted in which of the following?
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According to Rogers, how should counselors treat delinquent children?
According to Rogers, how should counselors treat delinquent children?
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How does Rogers describe the way one sees the environment?
How does Rogers describe the way one sees the environment?
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In Rogers' view, what process helps us judge experiences for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth?
In Rogers' view, what process helps us judge experiences for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth?
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According to Rogers, what is a trait of a fully functioning person?
According to Rogers, what is a trait of a fully functioning person?
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Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides individuals an opportunity to:
Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides individuals an opportunity to:
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Which of the following did Erikson consider to be a positive outcome in the young adulthood stage?
Which of the following did Erikson consider to be a positive outcome in the young adulthood stage?
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Ego integrity involves:
Ego integrity involves:
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Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is:
Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is:
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The personality theorist who helped bring personality into the mainstream and made it an academically respectable topic is:
The personality theorist who helped bring personality into the mainstream and made it an academically respectable topic is:
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According to Allport, our uniqueness is determined by:
According to Allport, our uniqueness is determined by:
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Which of the following is true of Horney's theory on personality?
Which of the following is true of Horney's theory on personality?
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Horney agreed with Freud about the:
Horney agreed with Freud about the:
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In Horney's view, the more _______ a child feels, the more the child represses his or her hostility toward the parents.
In Horney's view, the more _______ a child feels, the more the child represses his or her hostility toward the parents.
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According to Horney, neurotic needs are:
According to Horney, neurotic needs are:
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Horney believed that a self-image is constructed by (a) ________ person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.
Horney believed that a self-image is constructed by (a) ________ person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.
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Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided when children are raised:
Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided when children are raised:
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Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the ________ than on the ________.
Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the ________ than on the ________.
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Erikson used the term ________ to refer to the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors.
Erikson used the term ________ to refer to the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors.
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On the issue of free will versus determinism, Skinner believed people function:
On the issue of free will versus determinism, Skinner believed people function:
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In the context of modeling, which of the following is more likely to be imitated?
In the context of modeling, which of the following is more likely to be imitated?
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Bandura believed that self-reinforcement:
Bandura believed that self-reinforcement:
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In modeling, it is possible for individuals to acquire responses:
In modeling, it is possible for individuals to acquire responses:
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In guided participation, a snake phobia can be eliminated by:
In guided participation, a snake phobia can be eliminated by:
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Bandura stated, 'People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives.... The striving for control over life circumstances permeates almost everything people do.' This is a description of:
Bandura stated, 'People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives.... The striving for control over life circumstances permeates almost everything people do.' This is a description of:
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Study Notes
Personality Theories
Horney's Theory
- Horney's theory on personality does not relate only to an adult's personality development, but also considers childhood experiences.
- Horney disagrees with Freud on the importance of instincts and the role of the unconscious in shaping personality.
- She believes that a child's feelings of security and protection influence their personality development.
- Neurotic needs, according to Horney, are irrational defenses against anxiety.
- A self-image, in Horney's view, is constructed by a normal person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.
Erikson's Theory
- Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the ego than on the id.
- He believed that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors, which he called the epigenetic principle of maturation.
- Erikson's theory emphasizes the importance of social and environmental factors in shaping personality.
Locus of Control
- People with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over their lives and that their actions can affect the outcome of events.
- Those with an external locus of control, on the other hand, believe that their lives are controlled by external factors, such as chance or fate.
- Research has shown that people with an internal locus of control tend to have better mental and physical health, higher self-esteem, and lower anxiety.
Self-Actualization
- Self-actualization, according to Maslow, is the highest human need, which involves realizing one's full potential and becoming the best version of oneself.
- Self-actualizers, in Maslow's view, accept their strengths and weaknesses, are open to new experiences, and have a strong sense of self-identity.
- Rogers' personality theory, which is rooted in humanistic psychology, emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and the role of the environment in shaping personality.
Depression in Adolescents
- Depression in adolescents is a complex issue that involves both environmental and biological factors.
- Environmental factors, such as family conflicts, social pressures, and academic stress, can contribute to depression in adolescents.
- Biological factors, such as genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain development, can also play a role in depression.
Personality Development
- Personality development, according to Kelly, involves the use of personal constructs to predict and control events in our lives.
- Personal constructs are intellectual hypotheses that we use to explain and interpret life events.
- Kelly's theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping personality.
Skinner's Theory
- Skinner's theory views human beings as empty organisms, without thoughts or feelings, and emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior.
- He believed that behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment, and that human behavior can be controlled through the manipulation of environmental factors.
- Skinner rejected the concept of the unconscious and the idea of motivation as valid characteristics of personality.
Cattell's Theory
- Cattell's theory of personality emphasizes the importance of trait theory, which views personality as a combination of unique traits and common traits.
- He used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors, which are combined to form an individual's personality.
- Cattell believed that one-third of our personality is genetically based.
Bandura's Theory
- Bandura's theory of personality emphasizes the importance of learning and modeling in shaping behavior.
- He believed that people can acquire new responses through observation and imitation of others.
- Self-reinforcement, in Bandura's view, is achieved by setting personal standards of behavior and achievement.
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Description
Test your knowledge of personality theories, including Horney's theory, and psychoanalytic concepts. Questions cover key concepts and principles in psychology.
