56 Questions
Which of the following factors can contribute to adolescent depression?
Both environmental and biological factors
How can Lesego's parents encourage him to help other people?
Rewarding helpful behavior
What is a gender stereotype?
A social expectation based on someone's gender
How might Kabelo describe his best friend at age 3?
Based on physical appearance
One positive effect of playing video games for children is:
Enhanced problem-solving skills
According to Marcia (1980), which identity status involves actively exploring various options?
Identity moratorium
What did Allport believe is the ultimate and necessary goal of life?
Unique traits and common traits are combined into personal dispositions.
What was Cattell mainly interested in studying?
Studying the personality of normal people.
What method did Cattell use for the treatment of data?
Factor analysis
Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an external locus of control?
They see little value in exerting any effort to change or improve their situation.
In the context of collectivist versus individualistic cultural differences, for Asians, success is viewed:
more as a product of external factors.
According to Cattell's research, what proportion of our personality is genetically based?
One-third
According to Schneidwind, 1995, those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n) _____ locus of control.
external
According to Cattell, what types of traits exist on the uniqueness and universality issue?
Common; unique
In the context of McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model, what are the characteristic traits of the factor of openness?
Original, independent, creative, and daring.
Pro-social risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly _____ sensation seeking scores than anti-social risk takers, such as drug addicts and criminals.
lower
According to Seligman, people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to:
take responsibility for their care when they are experiencing health problems.
People who have a more _____ explanatory style recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures.
optimistic
In Asian collectivist cultures, successes are often attributed to:
support from the community and external environment.
What kind of explanatory style do people who blame external factors for their failures typically have?
Pessimistic
Kelly attempted to describe all aspects of personality, including its emotional components, strictly in terms of:
cognitive processes
According to Kelly, individuals use personal constructs to:
predict and control the events in their lives
Which of the following statements best describes a construct?
It is an intellectual hypothesis to explain or interpret life events
Personal constructs are oriented toward the:
anticipation of future events
Kelly viewed human nature as:
rational and capable of choice
All of the following are criticisms of Kelly's theory except that:
the concept of the unconscious lacks empirical support
Which of the following did Skinner reject as valid characteristics of personality?
All of these are correct
Which of the following statements is true of superstitious behaviour?
It is the result of a behaviour being reinforced accidentally
In the context of the needs-hierarchy theory, what is necessary to achieve self-actualization?
All of these are correct
Which characteristic describes self-actualizers according to Maslow?
They accept their strengths and weaknesses
What did Maslow argue about human nature?
Human nature is basically good, decent, and kind
Rogers' personality theory is rooted in which of the following?
Humanistic psychology
According to Rogers, how should counselors treat delinquent children?
Modify the children's self-concept
How does Rogers describe the way one sees the environment?
Dependent on one's perception of it
In Rogers' view, what process helps us judge experiences for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth?
Organismic valuing process
According to Rogers, what is a trait of a fully functioning person?
Is open to all experiences and feelings
Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides individuals an opportunity to:
develop their basic strengths.
Which of the following did Erikson consider to be a positive outcome in the young adulthood stage?
A person acquires the skill of competence.
Ego integrity involves:
accepting one's place and one's past.
Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is:
incomplete in its description of the last stage of maturity.
The personality theorist who helped bring personality into the mainstream and made it an academically respectable topic is:
Gordon Allport.
According to Allport, our uniqueness is determined by:
our childhood experiences.
Which of the following is true of Horney's theory on personality?
It reflects a feminist viewpoint of psychoanalysis.
Horney agreed with Freud about the:
importance of the early childhood years in shaping the adult personality.
In Horney's view, the more _______ a child feels, the more the child represses his or her hostility toward the parents.
secure
According to Horney, neurotic needs are:
irrational defenses against anxiety.
Horney believed that a self-image is constructed by (a) ________ person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.
normal
Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided when children are raised:
with love, acceptance, and trust.
Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the ________ than on the ________.
ego; id
Erikson used the term ________ to refer to the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors.
epigenetic principle of maturation
On the issue of free will versus determinism, Skinner believed people function:
by unconscious conflicts.
In the context of modeling, which of the following is more likely to be imitated?
Behaviors that are rewarded
Bandura believed that self-reinforcement:
is achieved by setting personal standards of behaviour and achievement.
In modeling, it is possible for individuals to acquire responses:
that have never been performed or displayed before.
In guided participation, a snake phobia can be eliminated by:
having subjects observe a live model, then actually handle the snake.
Bandura stated, 'People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives.... The striving for control over life circumstances permeates almost everything people do.' This is a description of:
self-development.
Study Notes
Personality Theories
Horney's Theory
- Horney's theory on personality does not relate only to an adult's personality development, but also considers childhood experiences.
- Horney disagrees with Freud on the importance of instincts and the role of the unconscious in shaping personality.
- She believes that a child's feelings of security and protection influence their personality development.
- Neurotic needs, according to Horney, are irrational defenses against anxiety.
- A self-image, in Horney's view, is constructed by a normal person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.
Erikson's Theory
- Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the ego than on the id.
- He believed that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors, which he called the epigenetic principle of maturation.
- Erikson's theory emphasizes the importance of social and environmental factors in shaping personality.
Locus of Control
- People with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over their lives and that their actions can affect the outcome of events.
- Those with an external locus of control, on the other hand, believe that their lives are controlled by external factors, such as chance or fate.
- Research has shown that people with an internal locus of control tend to have better mental and physical health, higher self-esteem, and lower anxiety.
Self-Actualization
- Self-actualization, according to Maslow, is the highest human need, which involves realizing one's full potential and becoming the best version of oneself.
- Self-actualizers, in Maslow's view, accept their strengths and weaknesses, are open to new experiences, and have a strong sense of self-identity.
- Rogers' personality theory, which is rooted in humanistic psychology, emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and the role of the environment in shaping personality.
Depression in Adolescents
- Depression in adolescents is a complex issue that involves both environmental and biological factors.
- Environmental factors, such as family conflicts, social pressures, and academic stress, can contribute to depression in adolescents.
- Biological factors, such as genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain development, can also play a role in depression.
Personality Development
- Personality development, according to Kelly, involves the use of personal constructs to predict and control events in our lives.
- Personal constructs are intellectual hypotheses that we use to explain and interpret life events.
- Kelly's theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping personality.
Skinner's Theory
- Skinner's theory views human beings as empty organisms, without thoughts or feelings, and emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior.
- He believed that behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment, and that human behavior can be controlled through the manipulation of environmental factors.
- Skinner rejected the concept of the unconscious and the idea of motivation as valid characteristics of personality.
Cattell's Theory
- Cattell's theory of personality emphasizes the importance of trait theory, which views personality as a combination of unique traits and common traits.
- He used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors, which are combined to form an individual's personality.
- Cattell believed that one-third of our personality is genetically based.
Bandura's Theory
- Bandura's theory of personality emphasizes the importance of learning and modeling in shaping behavior.
- He believed that people can acquire new responses through observation and imitation of others.
- Self-reinforcement, in Bandura's view, is achieved by setting personal standards of behavior and achievement.
Test your knowledge of personality theories, including Horney's theory, and psychoanalytic concepts. Questions cover key concepts and principles in psychology.
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