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Questions and Answers
According to the passage, what has someone's quick temper often been described as?
According to the passage, what has someone's quick temper often been described as?
What did one couple show more interest in when their daughter got engaged?
What did one couple show more interest in when their daughter got engaged?
What has someone been told they act like in the passage?
What has someone been told they act like in the passage?
What is the focus of the Biological Approach discussed in the passage?
What is the focus of the Biological Approach discussed in the passage?
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What aspect of personality is associated with Hans Eysenck's Theory, as mentioned in the passage?
What aspect of personality is associated with Hans Eysenck's Theory, as mentioned in the passage?
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What type of content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) according to the passage?
What type of content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) according to the passage?
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According to Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality, how many supertraits are identified?
According to Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality, how many supertraits are identified?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of extraverts according to Eysenck's model?
Which of the following is a characteristic of extraverts according to Eysenck's model?
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In Eysenck's model, what is the second major dimension along with extraversion?
In Eysenck's model, what is the second major dimension along with extraversion?
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What does the term 'psychoticism' represent in Eysenck's model?
What does the term 'psychoticism' represent in Eysenck's model?
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According to Eysenck, what is the basis for individual differences in personality?
According to Eysenck, what is the basis for individual differences in personality?
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Which of the following dimensions are similar between Eysenck's model and the Big Five model of personality?
Which of the following dimensions are similar between Eysenck's model and the Big Five model of personality?
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Which type of individuals are characterized by strong emotional reactions to minor frustrations and longer recovery time according to Eysenck's model?
Which type of individuals are characterized by strong emotional reactions to minor frustrations and longer recovery time according to Eysenck's model?
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What type of activities do introverts prefer according to Eysenck's model?
What type of activities do introverts prefer according to Eysenck's model?
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Which supertrait is later included in Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?
Which supertrait is later included in Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?
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What type of individuals are characterized as egocentric and cold according to Eysenck's model?
What type of individuals are characterized as egocentric and cold according to Eysenck's model?
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What do individuals high in neuroticism tend to have according to Eysenck's model?
What do individuals high in neuroticism tend to have according to Eysenck's model?
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According to the text, what type of situations are extraverts more aware of and attracted to?
According to the text, what type of situations are extraverts more aware of and attracted to?
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What is one implication of the description of extraverts provided in the text?
What is one implication of the description of extraverts provided in the text?
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How do extraverts typically respond when encountering an opportunity to have a good time?
How do extraverts typically respond when encountering an opportunity to have a good time?
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What activity do introverts rely on to reduce their arousal level after an intense and active day?
What activity do introverts rely on to reduce their arousal level after an intense and active day?
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Which personality type is more likely to find themselves in the middle of a party or riding on a roller coaster?
Which personality type is more likely to find themselves in the middle of a party or riding on a roller coaster?
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What type of situations do extraverts prefer, based on the hypothesis presented in the text?
What type of situations do extraverts prefer, based on the hypothesis presented in the text?
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What is one implication of the description of introverts provided in the text?
What is one implication of the description of introverts provided in the text?
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According to the text, what kind of situations do extraverts tend to be more attracted to?
According to the text, what kind of situations do extraverts tend to be more attracted to?
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What kind of situations do introverts tend to rely on for reducing arousal levels, as mentioned in the text?
What kind of situations do introverts tend to rely on for reducing arousal levels, as mentioned in the text?
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What is one implication of the description of extraverts presented in the text?
What is one implication of the description of extraverts presented in the text?
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What field did Hans Eysenck initially pursue against his parents' wishes?
What field did Hans Eysenck initially pursue against his parents' wishes?
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In which country did Hans Eysenck complete his PhD to escape the rise of the Nazis in Germany?
In which country did Hans Eysenck complete his PhD to escape the rise of the Nazis in Germany?
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What did Hans Eysenck publish a paper criticizing in 1952?
What did Hans Eysenck publish a paper criticizing in 1952?
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What did Eysenck argue about individual differences in intelligence?
What did Eysenck argue about individual differences in intelligence?
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What was Eysenck's view on the case for cigarettes as a health hazard?
What was Eysenck's view on the case for cigarettes as a health hazard?
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According to reinforcement sensitivity theory, what does the behavioral approach system (BAS) motivate people to do?
According to reinforcement sensitivity theory, what does the behavioral approach system (BAS) motivate people to do?
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What is the relationship between the BAS and extraversion?
What is the relationship between the BAS and extraversion?
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What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?
What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?
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What marked Eysenck's long career?
What marked Eysenck's long career?
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What did Eysenck's paper published in 1952 criticize?
What did Eysenck's paper published in 1952 criticize?
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What did Hans Eysenck argue about individual differences in intelligence?
What did Hans Eysenck argue about individual differences in intelligence?
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In which field did Hans Eysenck rebel against his family's plans?
In which field did Hans Eysenck rebel against his family's plans?
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According to Hans Eysenck's theory of personality, which of the following are the three primary dimensions of personality?
According to Hans Eysenck's theory of personality, which of the following are the three primary dimensions of personality?
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What does the extraversion-introversion dimension refer to in Hans Eysenck's theory?
What does the extraversion-introversion dimension refer to in Hans Eysenck's theory?
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What do studies indicate about the role of genetics in determining a person's placement on the three personality dimensions?
What do studies indicate about the role of genetics in determining a person's placement on the three personality dimensions?
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How do extraverts and introverts differ physiologically according to the text?
How do extraverts and introverts differ physiologically according to the text?
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What type of social behavior do extraverts seek out to avoid boredom?
What type of social behavior do extraverts seek out to avoid boredom?
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How do introverts typically respond to external stimuli such as loud music or social gatherings?
How do introverts typically respond to external stimuli such as loud music or social gatherings?
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What does the evidence suggest regarding introverts' sensitivity to stimulation compared to extraverts?
What does the evidence suggest regarding introverts' sensitivity to stimulation compared to extraverts?
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According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what role does genetics play in determining a person's placement on the personality dimensions?
According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what role does genetics play in determining a person's placement on the personality dimensions?
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What do cross-cultural research findings indicate about the three personality dimensions?
What do cross-cultural research findings indicate about the three personality dimensions?
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According to the passage, what was the previous view of psychologists on newborns?
According to the passage, what was the previous view of psychologists on newborns?
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What do psychologists believe about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?
What do psychologists believe about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?
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What physiological features do people differ in, according to research mentioned in the passage?
What physiological features do people differ in, according to research mentioned in the passage?
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According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what are the three basic personality dimensions?
According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what are the three basic personality dimensions?
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What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?
What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?
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What do some psychologists argue about human personality?
What do some psychologists argue about human personality?
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In terms of individual differences in brainwave patterns, how do biological differences often translate into differences in behavior?
In terms of individual differences in brainwave patterns, how do biological differences often translate into differences in behavior?
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What role did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?
What role did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?
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'Blank slate' refers to the idea that:
'Blank slate' refers to the idea that:
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What did some psychologists attribute adult personalities to in the past?
What did some psychologists attribute adult personalities to in the past?
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How are individual differences in brainwave activity related to behavior?
How are individual differences in brainwave activity related to behavior?
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What is the current view of psychologists regarding biology's role in personality?
What is the current view of psychologists regarding biology's role in personality?
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What do psychologists refer to as general patterns of behavior and mood that can be expressed in many different ways and develop into different personality traits?
What do psychologists refer to as general patterns of behavior and mood that can be expressed in many different ways and develop into different personality traits?
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According to the passage, what do a growing number of researchers believe are present at birth and influence the development of personality traits throughout a person’s life?
According to the passage, what do a growing number of researchers believe are present at birth and influence the development of personality traits throughout a person’s life?
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What do studies indicate about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?
What do studies indicate about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?
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What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?
What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?
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What is one implication of the description of extraverts provided in the text?
What is one implication of the description of extraverts provided in the text?
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According to Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality, how many supertraits are identified?
According to Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality, how many supertraits are identified?
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Which of the following physical differences between inhibited and uninhibited children is mentioned as appearing from birth?
Which of the following physical differences between inhibited and uninhibited children is mentioned as appearing from birth?
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What was the basis for trained judges to classify infants as inhibited or uninhibited?
What was the basis for trained judges to classify infants as inhibited or uninhibited?
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According to the passage, which physical response is exhibited by inhibited children when exposed to novel stimuli?
According to the passage, which physical response is exhibited by inhibited children when exposed to novel stimuli?
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What is a common long-term characteristic of inhibited children into adulthood?
What is a common long-term characteristic of inhibited children into adulthood?
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Which temperament assessment method was used to classify infants as inhibited or uninhibited?
Which temperament assessment method was used to classify infants as inhibited or uninhibited?
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What is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorders, especially social phobia?
What is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorders, especially social phobia?
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According to the passage, what did neuroimaging studies reveal about inhibited and uninhibited children's brains?
According to the passage, what did neuroimaging studies reveal about inhibited and uninhibited children's brains?
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What was the age at which inhibited children showed signs of fear in reaction to unfamiliar events?
What was the age at which inhibited children showed signs of fear in reaction to unfamiliar events?
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What is the main physical difference between inhibited and uninhibited children according to the passage?
What is the main physical difference between inhibited and uninhibited children according to the passage?
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What did babies identified as inhibited have as a physical response to unfamiliar stimuli?
What did babies identified as inhibited have as a physical response to unfamiliar stimuli?
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Which of the following was observed in inhibited children as a result of being exposed to novel stimuli?
Which of the following was observed in inhibited children as a result of being exposed to novel stimuli?
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Which of the following dimensions is related to a person's tendency to affiliate and interact with others?
Which of the following dimensions is related to a person's tendency to affiliate and interact with others?
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What temperament dimension refers to the intensity of emotional reactions?
What temperament dimension refers to the intensity of emotional reactions?
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According to the passage, what is one implication of temperament levels in preschool children?
According to the passage, what is one implication of temperament levels in preschool children?
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Based on the longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand, what was the outcome for well-adjusted children?
Based on the longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand, what was the outcome for well-adjusted children?
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What type of social behavior are girls more likely to exhibit according to the passage?
What type of social behavior are girls more likely to exhibit according to the passage?
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What do psychologists agree about babies according to the text?
What do psychologists agree about babies according to the text?
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What did the longitudinal study in Dunedin find regarding undercontrolled and inhibited children?
What did the longitudinal study in Dunedin find regarding undercontrolled and inhibited children?
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Based on the text, what is the primary role of temperament in personality development?
Based on the text, what is the primary role of temperament in personality development?
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According to the passage, what are boys more likely to be identified with?
According to the passage, what are boys more likely to be identified with?
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What did researchers agree about babies' differences?
What did researchers agree about babies' differences?
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What are gender differences in temperament according to the passage?
What are gender differences in temperament according to the passage?
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What did a longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand find regarding well-adjusted children?
What did a longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand find regarding well-adjusted children?
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Inhibited children, who are shy and uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations, are not necessarily destined to become shy adults according to which source?
Inhibited children, who are shy and uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations, are not necessarily destined to become shy adults according to which source?
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Which source suggests that some children are more responsive to unfamiliar situations than others and that this trait can be observed from a young age?
Which source suggests that some children are more responsive to unfamiliar situations than others and that this trait can be observed from a young age?
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According to the text, which source suggests that evolutionary personality theory applies the process of natural selection to the study of universal human characteristics, including anxiety?
According to the text, which source suggests that evolutionary personality theory applies the process of natural selection to the study of universal human characteristics, including anxiety?
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Which source suggests that negative evaluation by others is a common source of anxiety?
Which source suggests that negative evaluation by others is a common source of anxiety?
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According to the text, which source suggests that inhibited children are not the only ones susceptible to social problems, as uninhibited children are more likely to have disruptive behavior disorders and attention problems?
According to the text, which source suggests that inhibited children are not the only ones susceptible to social problems, as uninhibited children are more likely to have disruptive behavior disorders and attention problems?
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Which source suggests that parents of inhibited children can help them learn to deal with new situations and people?
Which source suggests that parents of inhibited children can help them learn to deal with new situations and people?
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Which psychological mechanism evolved to protect against potential attacks from outsiders?
Which psychological mechanism evolved to protect against potential attacks from outsiders?
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What is considered a fundamental human characteristic that helps promote survival and reproduction?
What is considered a fundamental human characteristic that helps promote survival and reproduction?
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Which emotion may have evolved as a response to social exclusion, threatening our sense of belonging and attractiveness to others?
Which emotion may have evolved as a response to social exclusion, threatening our sense of belonging and attractiveness to others?
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What is a characteristic of human evolution according to the given information?
What is a characteristic of human evolution according to the given information?
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What is a psychological mechanism that may have evolved to help our ancestors assert authority and overcome enemies?
What is a psychological mechanism that may have evolved to help our ancestors assert authority and overcome enemies?
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What did primitive people living in small groups benefit from, leading to survival and reproduction?
What did primitive people living in small groups benefit from, leading to survival and reproduction?
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Which emotion is noted as difficult to understand from an evolutionary perspective due to its disruptive nature?
Which emotion is noted as difficult to understand from an evolutionary perspective due to its disruptive nature?
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What is one implication of the description of anxiety presented in the text?
What is one implication of the description of anxiety presented in the text?
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What do psychologists believe about the development of physical features through evolution?
What do psychologists believe about the development of physical features through evolution?
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According to the passage, how does temperament influence the environment and the development of stable personality traits?
According to the passage, how does temperament influence the environment and the development of stable personality traits?
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According to developmental psychologists Kagan & Moss (1962), what percentage of children are 'inhibited'?
According to developmental psychologists Kagan & Moss (1962), what percentage of children are 'inhibited'?
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What is the specific form of anxiety that inhibited children are vulnerable to, according to the passage?
What is the specific form of anxiety that inhibited children are vulnerable to, according to the passage?
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How do children high in sociability likely affect their parent-child relationship, according to the passage?
How do children high in sociability likely affect their parent-child relationship, according to the passage?
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What did two developmental psychologists (Kagan & Moss, 1962) find about uninhibited children?
What did two developmental psychologists (Kagan & Moss, 1962) find about uninhibited children?
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How does a child low in sociability potentially develop as an adult, according to the passage?
How does a child low in sociability potentially develop as an adult, according to the passage?
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What influences adult personalities, according to the passage?
What influences adult personalities, according to the passage?
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How do children high in sociability likely influence their parent-child relationship, according to the passage?
How do children high in sociability likely influence their parent-child relationship, according to the passage?
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What role do inherited temperament and experiences as a child play in the development of personality, according to the passage?
What role do inherited temperament and experiences as a child play in the development of personality, according to the passage?
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What did Ganiban, Saudino, Ulbricht, Neiderhiser, & Reiss (2008) find about the influence of temperament on stable personality traits?
What did Ganiban, Saudino, Ulbricht, Neiderhiser, & Reiss (2008) find about the influence of temperament on stable personality traits?
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What did Eysenck & Moss (1962) find about 'inhibited' children?
What did Eysenck & Moss (1962) find about 'inhibited' children?
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According to the passage, what is the main focus of the evolutionary personality psychology approach?
According to the passage, what is the main focus of the evolutionary personality psychology approach?
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According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what are the three primary dimensions of personality?
According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what are the three primary dimensions of personality?
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What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?
What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?
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According to the passage, what did primitive people develop laws against to ensure survival of the species?
According to the passage, what did primitive people develop laws against to ensure survival of the species?
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What did Eysenck criticize in his 1952 paper according to the passage?
What did Eysenck criticize in his 1952 paper according to the passage?
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What aspect of human evolution is noted as a large number of psychological mechanisms according to the given information?
What aspect of human evolution is noted as a large number of psychological mechanisms according to the given information?
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Which physiological measures are commonly used in personality research?
Which physiological measures are commonly used in personality research?
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What is the noninvasive method for measuring brain activity using electrodes attached to the scalp?
What is the noninvasive method for measuring brain activity using electrodes attached to the scalp?
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Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with positive moods?
Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with positive moods?
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What do alpha waves, identified through EEG, indicate?
What do alpha waves, identified through EEG, indicate?
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What type of situations do introverts tend to rely on for reducing arousal levels, as mentioned in the text?
What type of situations do introverts tend to rely on for reducing arousal levels, as mentioned in the text?
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According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what role does genetics play in determining a person's placement on the personality dimensions?
According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what role does genetics play in determining a person's placement on the personality dimensions?
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What is cerebral asymmetry indicative of, particularly in the anterior region of the brain?
What is cerebral asymmetry indicative of, particularly in the anterior region of the brain?
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What do psychologists believe about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?
What do psychologists believe about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?
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'Inhibited' children are not necessarily destined to become shy adults according to which source?
'Inhibited' children are not necessarily destined to become shy adults according to which source?
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What did one couple show more interest in when their daughter got engaged?
What did one couple show more interest in when their daughter got engaged?
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What is the term for children who eagerly approach new situations, are adaptive, and generally experience a positive mood?
What is the term for children who eagerly approach new situations, are adaptive, and generally experience a positive mood?
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According to the passage, which temperament pattern is similar to inhibited children and tend to withdraw from unfamiliar situations and are slow to adapt to new academic tasks?
According to the passage, which temperament pattern is similar to inhibited children and tend to withdraw from unfamiliar situations and are slow to adapt to new academic tasks?
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What percentage of elementary school children can be placed into one of the three temperament categories described in the passage?
What percentage of elementary school children can be placed into one of the three temperament categories described in the passage?
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According to the passage, which type of children are more likely to succeed academically than those with short attention spans or easily distracted?
According to the passage, which type of children are more likely to succeed academically than those with short attention spans or easily distracted?
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What did the passage state about the relationship between temperament and academic performance?
What did the passage state about the relationship between temperament and academic performance?
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According to the text, what did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?
According to the text, what did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?
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What did the passage suggest about the role of teachers in responding to students based on their behavior?
What did the passage suggest about the role of teachers in responding to students based on their behavior?
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What does the 'goodness of fit' model emphasize?
What does the 'goodness of fit' model emphasize?
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According to the passage, how does temperament affect academic achievement?
According to the passage, how does temperament affect academic achievement?
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What did a study find about the association between Head Start teachers' styles and student temperament?
What did a study find about the association between Head Start teachers' styles and student temperament?
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What is the implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments?
What is the implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments?
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Why might impulsive children struggle in rigid preschool environments?
Why might impulsive children struggle in rigid preschool environments?
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According to the passage, what can help ensure the success of students with short attention spans or slow-to-warm-up temperaments?
According to the passage, what can help ensure the success of students with short attention spans or slow-to-warm-up temperaments?
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What is the main emphasis of the 'goodness of fit' model discussed in the text?
What is the main emphasis of the 'goodness of fit' model discussed in the text?
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What did Cooper & Good (1983) warn about regarding temperamental differences?
What did Cooper & Good (1983) warn about regarding temperamental differences?
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What is one implication of temperament levels in preschool children according to the passage?
What is one implication of temperament levels in preschool children according to the passage?
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What do studies suggest about the influence of temperament on academic achievement?
What do studies suggest about the influence of temperament on academic achievement?
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What is one implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments according to the passage?
What is one implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments according to the passage?
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What was the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in infants, according to the passage?
What was the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in infants, according to the passage?
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What did the researchers argue about the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in infants?
What did the researchers argue about the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in infants?
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What types of activities were associated with increases in left hemisphere activity in infants?
What types of activities were associated with increases in left hemisphere activity in infants?
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What did the researchers find regarding smiling and crying in infants?
What did the researchers find regarding smiling and crying in infants?
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What did the passage suggest about the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in children under one year old?
What did the passage suggest about the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in children under one year old?
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What were the patterns of brain activity observed when infants experienced positive emotions?
What were the patterns of brain activity observed when infants experienced positive emotions?
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What is one strength of the biological approach according to the passage?
What is one strength of the biological approach according to the passage?
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What is a criticism of the biological approach mentioned in the passage?
What is a criticism of the biological approach mentioned in the passage?
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Which key term refers to a system related to behavioral inhibition in the passage?
Which key term refers to a system related to behavioral inhibition in the passage?
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What did Hans Eysenck publish a paper criticizing in 1952?
What did Hans Eysenck publish a paper criticizing in 1952?
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What does the biological approach provide little information about according to the passage?
What does the biological approach provide little information about according to the passage?
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Which key term is related to the behavioral approach system (BAS) according to the passage?
Which key term is related to the behavioral approach system (BAS) according to the passage?
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What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?
What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?
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What did a longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand find regarding well-adjusted children?
What did a longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand find regarding well-adjusted children?
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What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?
What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?
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What does the evidence suggest regarding introverts' sensitivity to stimulation compared to extraverts?
What does the evidence suggest regarding introverts' sensitivity to stimulation compared to extraverts?
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What is the main emphasis of the 'goodness of fit' model discussed in the text?
What is the main emphasis of the 'goodness of fit' model discussed in the text?
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According to the passage, what do some psychologists argue about human personality?
According to the passage, what do some psychologists argue about human personality?
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What is one implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments according to the passage?
What is one implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments according to the passage?
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Which supertrait is later included in Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?
Which supertrait is later included in Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?
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What did Cooper & Good (1983) warn about regarding temperamental differences?
What did Cooper & Good (1983) warn about regarding temperamental differences?
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According to the text, which source suggests that parents of inhibited children can help them learn to deal with new situations and people?
According to the text, which source suggests that parents of inhibited children can help them learn to deal with new situations and people?
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What is considered a fundamental human characteristic that helps promote survival and reproduction?
What is considered a fundamental human characteristic that helps promote survival and reproduction?
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What did Eysenck criticize in his 1952 paper according to the passage?
What did Eysenck criticize in his 1952 paper according to the passage?
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According to the text, what did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?
According to the text, what did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?
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What do psychologists believe about the development of physical features through evolution?
What do psychologists believe about the development of physical features through evolution?
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What did some psychologists attribute adult personalities to in the past?
What did some psychologists attribute adult personalities to in the past?
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What hemisphere of the brain is associated with positive moods?
What hemisphere of the brain is associated with positive moods?
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What is one limitation of the biological approach in psychology?
What is one limitation of the biological approach in psychology?
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What do evolutionary personality psychologists argue about certain human attributes?
What do evolutionary personality psychologists argue about certain human attributes?
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What does the 'blank slate' notion suggest?
What does the 'blank slate' notion suggest?
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What is one implication of cerebral asymmetry measurement in college students?
What is one implication of cerebral asymmetry measurement in college students?
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What is the main focus of the biological approach in psychology?
What is the main focus of the biological approach in psychology?
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What do advocates of the biological approach often provide for their hypotheses?
What do advocates of the biological approach often provide for their hypotheses?
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What is the relationship between left and right hemisphere activity and positive and negative moods, as described in the passage?
What is the relationship between left and right hemisphere activity and positive and negative moods, as described in the passage?
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How are higher left hemisphere activity and higher right hemisphere activity associated with emotions?
How are higher left hemisphere activity and higher right hemisphere activity associated with emotions?
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What does cerebral asymmetry reveal about anger?
What does cerebral asymmetry reveal about anger?
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According to the passage, what is the relationship between hemispheric activity levels and the development of emotional disorders?
According to the passage, what is the relationship between hemispheric activity levels and the development of emotional disorders?
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What did recent research describe the relationship between cerebral asymmetry and emotions in terms of?
What did recent research describe the relationship between cerebral asymmetry and emotions in terms of?
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How do infants with higher left hemisphere activity tend to interact with their mothers?
How do infants with higher left hemisphere activity tend to interact with their mothers?
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What has recent research suggested about the role of cerebral asymmetry in the development of emotional disorders?
What has recent research suggested about the role of cerebral asymmetry in the development of emotional disorders?
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What did initial explanations for differences in cerebral asymmetry and emotions focus on?
What did initial explanations for differences in cerebral asymmetry and emotions focus on?
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How did recent research describe the relationship between cerebral asymmetry and emotions?
How did recent research describe the relationship between cerebral asymmetry and emotions?
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Study Notes
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The widely held belief is that children inherit characteristics from their parents, including physical and personality traits.
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In the past, many psychologists viewed newborns as blank slates, attributing adult personalities to experiences, particularly parenting during early years.
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This view has changed and today, few psychologists deny that personality is influenced by inherited biological differences.
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Research indicates that people differ in terms of brainwave activity, hormone levels, heart-rate responsiveness, and other physiological features.
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These biological differences often translate into differences in behavior, particularly when examining individual differences in brainwave patterns.
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Some psychologists argue that human personality is the product of many generations of evolutionary development.
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Hans Eysenck, a respected psychologist, maintained that individual differences in personality are based on physiological differences.
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Eysenck's theory identifies three basic personality dimensions: extraversion–introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
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Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality, initially met with skepticism, is now more compatible with the growing recognition of biology's role in personality.
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The development of personality is influenced by both inherited temperament and experiences as a child. (Ganiban, Saudino, Ulbricht, Neiderhiser, & Reiss, 2008)
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A highly emotional child may become an aggressive adult, but parents encouraging problem-solving skills can turn a highly emotional child into a cooperative, nonaggressive adult.
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A child low in sociability may develop excellent social skills, but is unlikely to become an outgoing, highly gregarious adult.
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Temperament influences the environment and the way temperament develops into stable personality traits.
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Children high in sociability are likely to seek out situations with other people, affecting their parent-child relationship and how others treat them.
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Adult personalities are determined by both inherited temperament and the environment.
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Two developmental psychologists (Kagan & Moss, 1962) found that approximately 10% of children are "inhibited," meaning passive and cautious when faced with new situations.
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Approximately 25% of children are "uninhibited," meaning they jump right in to new situations and may talk soon after entering a new play area.
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Inhibited children are not simply more afraid of everything, but rather vulnerable to anxiety to novelty, a specific form of anxiety.
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Inhibited children are less likely to initiate interactions with teachers, receive less attention, and face challenges in getting help when needed (Rudasill & Rimm-Kaufman, 2009)
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Misinterpretations of temperamental differences can lead teachers to make incorrect assumptions about students, affecting their interactions and academic success (Cooper & Good, 1983; Keogh, 1989)
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Research suggests that temperament affects academic achievement even before children enter school (Gerstein, Putnam, & Kliewer, 2016)
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The "goodness of fit" model emphasizes the importance of matching teaching styles and learning environments to individual students' temperaments for optimal learning (Thomas & Chess, 1977)
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Classroom assignments may need to be adapted for students with short attention spans or slow-to-warm-up temperaments to ensure their success (Keogh, 2003)
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Impulsive children may struggle in rigid preschool environments and benefit from teachers who adapt their styles to their temperaments (Coplan, Bowker, & Cooper, 2003; De Schipper, Tavecchio, Van IJzendoorn, & Van Zeijl, 2004; Rudasill, Rimm-Kaufman, Justice, & Pence, 2006)
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A study found that a good match between Head Start teachers' styles and student temperament was associated with higher math and preliteracy scores (Churchill, 2003)
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Matching teaching styles to students' temperaments not only increases academic success but also contributes to the child's feelings of self-worth (Chess & Thomas, 1991)
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Children who do poorly in school may blame themselves, highlighting the importance of addressing individual temperamental differences in teaching.
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People exhibit individual differences in cerebral asymmetry, with some having higher activity in the left hemisphere and others in the right hemisphere during resting state.
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This asymmetry tends to be stable over time.
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Differences in cerebral asymmetry are observable in infants and remain consistent throughout childhood.
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Left and right hemisphere activity is associated with positive and negative moods; those with higher left hemisphere activity react more to positive mood films while those with higher right hemisphere activity react more to negative mood films.
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Infants with higher left hemisphere activity are more likely to interact with their mothers in a playful and relaxed way, while those with higher right hemisphere activity tend to cry more when separated from them.
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Initially, differences in cerebral asymmetry and emotions were explained in terms of thresholds for positive and negative moods.
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However, recent research describes the relationship in terms of approach and withdrawal tendencies.
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Higher left hemisphere activity is linked to approach tendencies and joy, while higher right hemisphere activity is associated with withdrawal tendencies and sadness.
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Anger, a negative emotion, is related to higher left hemisphere activity because angry people tend to approach or attack the source of their distress.
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Depressed and anxious individuals exhibit more right-side activation than non-depressed or non-anxious individuals, suggesting a possible role of hemispheric activity level in the development of emotional disorders.
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Description
Test your knowledge about a study that found participants' scores on measures of extraversion-introversion remained consistent over 45 years, and explore the possible implications of this finding. Consider factors such as biology, environment, and the difficulty of changing established personality traits.
