Personality Stability Study Quiz

192 Questions

According to the passage, what has someone's quick temper often been described as?

Inherited from their father

What did one couple show more interest in when their daughter got engaged?

The family of their daughter's fiancé

What has someone been told they act like in the passage?

One of their parents

What is the focus of the Biological Approach discussed in the passage?

Brain electrical activity and cerebral asymmetry

What aspect of personality is associated with Hans Eysenck's Theory, as mentioned in the passage?

Temperament

What type of content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) according to the passage?

Third party content

According to Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality, how many supertraits are identified?

Three

Which of the following is a characteristic of extraverts according to Eysenck's model?

Enjoying social gatherings and group activities

In Eysenck's model, what is the second major dimension along with extraversion?

Neuroticism

What does the term 'psychoticism' represent in Eysenck's model?

Aggressive and egocentric behavior

According to Eysenck, what is the basis for individual differences in personality?

Biological factors

Which of the following dimensions are similar between Eysenck's model and the Big Five model of personality?

Extraversion and Neuroticism

Which type of individuals are characterized by strong emotional reactions to minor frustrations and longer recovery time according to Eysenck's model?

Individuals high in neuroticism

What type of activities do introverts prefer according to Eysenck's model?

Solitary activities and fewer social contacts

Which supertrait is later included in Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?

Psychoticism

What type of individuals are characterized as egocentric and cold according to Eysenck's model?

Psychotic individuals

What do individuals high in neuroticism tend to have according to Eysenck's model?

Strong emotional reactions to minor frustrations and longer recovery time

According to the text, what type of situations are extraverts more aware of and attracted to?

Social situations that are likely to be enjoyable

What is one implication of the description of extraverts provided in the text?

They are only attracted to enjoyable social situations

How do extraverts typically respond when encountering an opportunity to have a good time?

They are motivated to approach the object of their desire

What activity do introverts rely on to reduce their arousal level after an intense and active day?

Taking a long walk alone

Which personality type is more likely to find themselves in the middle of a party or riding on a roller coaster?

Extraverts

What type of situations do extraverts prefer, based on the hypothesis presented in the text?

Social situations that are likely to be enjoyable

What is one implication of the description of introverts provided in the text?

They rely on quiet and solitary activities to reduce arousal levels

According to the text, what kind of situations do extraverts tend to be more attracted to?

Situations that promise rewards

What kind of situations do introverts tend to rely on for reducing arousal levels, as mentioned in the text?

Quiet and solitary activities

What is one implication of the description of extraverts presented in the text?

They are motivated to approach enjoyable social situations

What field did Hans Eysenck initially pursue against his parents' wishes?

Physics and astronomy

In which country did Hans Eysenck complete his PhD to escape the rise of the Nazis in Germany?

England

What did Hans Eysenck publish a paper criticizing in 1952?

The effectiveness of psychotherapy

What did Eysenck argue about individual differences in intelligence?

They are largely inherited

What was Eysenck's view on the case for cigarettes as a health hazard?

Questioning the case for cigarettes as a health hazard

According to reinforcement sensitivity theory, what does the behavioral approach system (BAS) motivate people to do?

Seek out pleasurable goals

What is the relationship between the BAS and extraversion?

The BAS is related to extraversion

What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?

Individuals differ in the strength of these two systems, and these differences are relatively stable over time

What marked Eysenck's long career?

A combative style and willingness to dive into psychological controversies

What did Eysenck's paper published in 1952 criticize?

The effectiveness of psychotherapy, specifically psychoanalysis

What did Hans Eysenck argue about individual differences in intelligence?

They are largely inherited

In which field did Hans Eysenck rebel against his family's plans?

Physics and astronomy

According to Hans Eysenck's theory of personality, which of the following are the three primary dimensions of personality?

Extraversion, introversion, and neuroticism

What does the extraversion-introversion dimension refer to in Hans Eysenck's theory?

The degree of sociability and energy a person exhibits

What do studies indicate about the role of genetics in determining a person's placement on the three personality dimensions?

Genetics plays a role in determining a person's placement on each of the three personality dimensions

How do extraverts and introverts differ physiologically according to the text?

Introverts are more sensitive to stimulation than extraverts

What type of social behavior do extraverts seek out to avoid boredom?

Highly arousing social behavior

How do introverts typically respond to external stimuli such as loud music or social gatherings?

More quickly and strongly aroused

What does the evidence suggest regarding introverts' sensitivity to stimulation compared to extraverts?

Introverts are more sensitive to stimulation than extraverts

According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what role does genetics play in determining a person's placement on the personality dimensions?

Genetics plays a role in determining a person's placement on each of the three personality dimensions

What do cross-cultural research findings indicate about the three personality dimensions?

Consistent findings of the three personality dimensions in various countries and cultures

According to the passage, what was the previous view of psychologists on newborns?

Newborns are born with blank slates and develop adult personalities through experiences

What do psychologists believe about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?

Psychologists believe that personality is influenced by inherited biological differences

What physiological features do people differ in, according to research mentioned in the passage?

Brainwave activity, hormone levels, heart-rate responsiveness

According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what are the three basic personality dimensions?

Extraversion–introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?

Skepticism and doubt

What do some psychologists argue about human personality?

Human personality is the product of evolutionary development

In terms of individual differences in brainwave patterns, how do biological differences often translate into differences in behavior?

Biological differences sometimes translate into differences in behavior

What role did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?

Biological differences

'Blank slate' refers to the idea that:

'Blank slate' refers to a newborn's susceptibility to external influences for personality development

What did some psychologists attribute adult personalities to in the past?

Experiences and societal interactions only

How are individual differences in brainwave activity related to behavior?

Individual differences in brainwave activity sometimes influence behavior

What is the current view of psychologists regarding biology's role in personality?

Psychologists are more compatible with the growing recognition of biology's role in personality

What do psychologists refer to as general patterns of behavior and mood that can be expressed in many different ways and develop into different personality traits?

Temperaments

According to the passage, what do a growing number of researchers believe are present at birth and influence the development of personality traits throughout a person’s life?

General behavioral styles

What do studies indicate about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?

They have a significant influence

What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?

Skepticism

What is one implication of the description of extraverts provided in the text?

They seek out social behavior to avoid boredom

According to Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality, how many supertraits are identified?

Three supertraits

Which of the following physical differences between inhibited and uninhibited children is mentioned as appearing from birth?

More likely to have blue eyes

What was the basis for trained judges to classify infants as inhibited or uninhibited?

Motor activity

According to the passage, which physical response is exhibited by inhibited children when exposed to novel stimuli?

High amygdala response

What is a common long-term characteristic of inhibited children into adulthood?

Fear of unfamiliarity

Which temperament assessment method was used to classify infants as inhibited or uninhibited?

Trained judges' observations

What is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorders, especially social phobia?

Inhibited temperament in childhood

According to the passage, what did neuroimaging studies reveal about inhibited and uninhibited children's brains?

Different reaction to events and images

What was the age at which inhibited children showed signs of fear in reaction to unfamiliar events?

14 months

What is the main physical difference between inhibited and uninhibited children according to the passage?

Increased heart rate and pupil dilation in response to unfamiliar stimuli

What did babies identified as inhibited have as a physical response to unfamiliar stimuli?

Increased heart rate and pupil dilation

Which of the following was observed in inhibited children as a result of being exposed to novel stimuli?

Increased striatum activity

Which of the following dimensions is related to a person's tendency to affiliate and interact with others?

Sociability

What temperament dimension refers to the intensity of emotional reactions?

Emotionality

According to the passage, what is one implication of temperament levels in preschool children?

They can predict certain adult personality traits

Based on the longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand, what was the outcome for well-adjusted children?

Became healthy, well-adjusted adults

What type of social behavior are girls more likely to exhibit according to the passage?

Effortful control

What do psychologists agree about babies according to the text?

They exhibit varying temperaments at birth

What did the longitudinal study in Dunedin find regarding undercontrolled and inhibited children?

Experienced various difficulties in adulthood

Based on the text, what is the primary role of temperament in personality development?

It plays an important role in personality development but not the sole determinant

According to the passage, what are boys more likely to be identified with?

Surgency temperament

What did researchers agree about babies' differences?

They show varying temperaments at birth

What are gender differences in temperament according to the passage?

Girls more likely to exhibit an effortful control temperament and boys more likely to be identified with a surgency temperament.

What did a longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand find regarding well-adjusted children?

Became healthy, well-adjusted adults.

Inhibited children, who are shy and uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations, are not necessarily destined to become shy adults according to which source?

Burger, 2019

Which source suggests that some children are more responsive to unfamiliar situations than others and that this trait can be observed from a young age?

Chen et al., 2009

According to the text, which source suggests that evolutionary personality theory applies the process of natural selection to the study of universal human characteristics, including anxiety?

Buss, 2008, 2009

Which source suggests that negative evaluation by others is a common source of anxiety?

Anonymous, 2019

According to the text, which source suggests that inhibited children are not the only ones susceptible to social problems, as uninhibited children are more likely to have disruptive behavior disorders and attention problems?

Biederman et al., 2001; Schwartz et al., 1996

Which source suggests that parents of inhibited children can help them learn to deal with new situations and people?

Burger, 2019

Which psychological mechanism evolved to protect against potential attacks from outsiders?

Fear of strangers

What is considered a fundamental human characteristic that helps promote survival and reproduction?

Compassion

Which emotion may have evolved as a response to social exclusion, threatening our sense of belonging and attractiveness to others?

Anxiety

What is a characteristic of human evolution according to the given information?

Evolution promotes better adaptation and survival

What is a psychological mechanism that may have evolved to help our ancestors assert authority and overcome enemies?

Anger

What did primitive people living in small groups benefit from, leading to survival and reproduction?

Social connection and cooperation

Which emotion is noted as difficult to understand from an evolutionary perspective due to its disruptive nature?

Anxiety

What is one implication of the description of anxiety presented in the text?

It evolved as a response to social exclusion

What do psychologists believe about the development of physical features through evolution?

Physical features evolve in response to specific needs

According to the passage, how does temperament influence the environment and the development of stable personality traits?

Temperament influences the environment and the way temperament develops into stable personality traits

According to developmental psychologists Kagan & Moss (1962), what percentage of children are 'inhibited'?

Exactly 10%

What is the specific form of anxiety that inhibited children are vulnerable to, according to the passage?

Anxiety to novelty

How do children high in sociability likely affect their parent-child relationship, according to the passage?

They positively affect the parent-child relationship

What did two developmental psychologists (Kagan & Moss, 1962) find about uninhibited children?

They are more likely to jump right in to new situations

How does a child low in sociability potentially develop as an adult, according to the passage?

Unlikely to become a highly gregarious adult

What influences adult personalities, according to the passage?

Both inherited temperament and experiences as a child

How do children high in sociability likely influence their parent-child relationship, according to the passage?

They positively affect the parent-child relationship

What role do inherited temperament and experiences as a child play in the development of personality, according to the passage?

Both inherited temperament and experiences as a child influence personality development

What did Ganiban, Saudino, Ulbricht, Neiderhiser, & Reiss (2008) find about the influence of temperament on stable personality traits?

Temperament influences the development of stable personality traits

What did Eysenck & Moss (1962) find about 'inhibited' children?

Approximately 10% of children are 'inhibited'

According to the passage, what is the main focus of the evolutionary personality psychology approach?

Exploring the role of psychological mechanisms in human survival

According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what are the three primary dimensions of personality?

Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?

It is determined solely by genetic factors

According to the passage, what did primitive people develop laws against to ensure survival of the species?

Aggression and adultery

What did Eysenck criticize in his 1952 paper according to the passage?

The emphasis on biological determinants of personality

What aspect of human evolution is noted as a large number of psychological mechanisms according to the given information?

Survival-enhancing psychological mechanisms

Which physiological measures are commonly used in personality research?

Heart rate and hormones

What is the noninvasive method for measuring brain activity using electrodes attached to the scalp?

EEG

Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with positive moods?

Left hemisphere

What do alpha waves, identified through EEG, indicate?

Emotions

What type of situations do introverts tend to rely on for reducing arousal levels, as mentioned in the text?

Quiet and low-key environments

According to Hans Eysenck's theory, what role does genetics play in determining a person's placement on the personality dimensions?

Major role

What is cerebral asymmetry indicative of, particularly in the anterior region of the brain?

Personality traits

What do psychologists believe about the influence of inherited biological differences on personality today?

Significant influence

'Inhibited' children are not necessarily destined to become shy adults according to which source?

'Eysenck & Moss (1962)'

What did one couple show more interest in when their daughter got engaged?

The financial implications.

What is the term for children who eagerly approach new situations, are adaptive, and generally experience a positive mood?

Easy children

According to the passage, which temperament pattern is similar to inhibited children and tend to withdraw from unfamiliar situations and are slow to adapt to new academic tasks?

Slow-to-warm-up children

What percentage of elementary school children can be placed into one of the three temperament categories described in the passage?

Two-thirds

According to the passage, which type of children are more likely to succeed academically than those with short attention spans or easily distracted?

Easy children

What did the passage state about the relationship between temperament and academic performance?

Difficult and slow-to-warm-up children perform more poorly academically than easy children

According to the text, what did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?

Biological determinants

What did the passage suggest about the role of teachers in responding to students based on their behavior?

Teachers respond differently to students based on their behavior

What does the 'goodness of fit' model emphasize?

Matching teaching styles and learning environments to individual students' temperaments

According to the passage, how does temperament affect academic achievement?

Even before children enter school

What did a study find about the association between Head Start teachers' styles and student temperament?

Higher math and preliteracy scores

What is the implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments?

Increases academic success and contributes to the child's feelings of self-worth

Why might impulsive children struggle in rigid preschool environments?

They may benefit from teachers who adapt their styles to their temperaments

According to the passage, what can help ensure the success of students with short attention spans or slow-to-warm-up temperaments?

Adapting classroom assignments

What is the main emphasis of the 'goodness of fit' model discussed in the text?

Matching teaching styles and learning environments to individual students' temperaments

What did Cooper & Good (1983) warn about regarding temperamental differences?

Incorrect assumptions affecting interactions and academic success

What is one implication of temperament levels in preschool children according to the passage?

The need to adapt teaching styles to different temperaments for optimal learning

What do studies suggest about the influence of temperament on academic achievement?

It affects academic achievement even before children enter school

What is one implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments according to the passage?

It increases academic success and contributes to the child's feelings of self-worth

What was the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in infants, according to the passage?

Happiness was associated with higher left hemisphere activity, while disgust was associated with higher right hemisphere activity.

What did the researchers argue about the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in infants?

It is something that infants are born with rather than the result of learning.

What types of activities were associated with increases in left hemisphere activity in infants?

When their mothers reached down to pick them up, when they heard laughter, and when they tasted something sweet.

What did the researchers find regarding smiling and crying in infants?

Smiling was associated with higher left hemisphere activity, whereas crying was associated with higher right hemisphere activity.

What did the passage suggest about the association between cerebral asymmetry and emotion in children under one year old?

It is something they are born with rather than the result of learning.

What were the patterns of brain activity observed when infants experienced positive emotions?

More activity in their left hemisphere than in the right.

What is one strength of the biological approach according to the passage?

Ties personality psychology to the discipline of biology

What is a criticism of the biological approach mentioned in the passage?

Difficulty researchers have when testing ideas

Which key term refers to a system related to behavioral inhibition in the passage?

Inhibited children

What did Hans Eysenck publish a paper criticizing in 1952?

The blank slate model of personality development

What does the biological approach provide little information about according to the passage?

Behavior change

Which key term is related to the behavioral approach system (BAS) according to the passage?

Cerebral asymmetry

What was the initial response to Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality?

Rejection and criticism

What did a longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand find regarding well-adjusted children?

They had similar brainwave patterns

What does reinforcement sensitivity theory suggest about individuals' differences in the strength of the two systems?

They show variability due to environmental factors

What does the evidence suggest regarding introverts' sensitivity to stimulation compared to extraverts?

Introverts are less sensitive to stimulation than extraverts.

What is the main emphasis of the 'goodness of fit' model discussed in the text?

Matching a child's temperament with the teaching style

According to the passage, what do some psychologists argue about human personality?

It is shaped by a combination of genetics and environment

What is one implication of matching teaching styles to students' temperaments according to the passage?

Better engagement and understanding for students

Which supertrait is later included in Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?

Openness to experience

What did Cooper & Good (1983) warn about regarding temperamental differences?

The potential impact on teacher-student relationships

According to the text, which source suggests that parents of inhibited children can help them learn to deal with new situations and people?

Developmental psychologists

What is considered a fundamental human characteristic that helps promote survival and reproduction?

Sociability

What did Eysenck criticize in his 1952 paper according to the passage?

The limited focus on social experiences

According to the text, what did Hans Eysenck emphasize in determining individual differences in personality?

'Biological inheritance and environmental factors

What do psychologists believe about the development of physical features through evolution?

It is shaped by a combination of genetics and environmental factors.

What did some psychologists attribute adult personalities to in the past?

A combination of genetics and environment

What hemisphere of the brain is associated with positive moods?

Left hemisphere

What is one limitation of the biological approach in psychology?

Difficulty in establishing causation due to the lack of direct manipulation testing

What do evolutionary personality psychologists argue about certain human attributes?

They argue for the adaptive function of certain human attributes

What does the 'blank slate' notion suggest?

Environment shapes personality entirely

What is one implication of cerebral asymmetry measurement in college students?

It predicts the likelihood of experiencing a first depressive episode

What is the main focus of the biological approach in psychology?

Acknowledging the influence of evolution and genetics on human behavior

What do advocates of the biological approach often provide for their hypotheses?

Empirical support

What is the relationship between left and right hemisphere activity and positive and negative moods, as described in the passage?

Left hemisphere activity is associated with positive moods, while right hemisphere activity is associated with negative moods.

How are higher left hemisphere activity and higher right hemisphere activity associated with emotions?

Higher left hemisphere activity is linked to approach tendencies and joy, while higher right hemisphere activity is linked to withdrawal tendencies and sadness.

What does cerebral asymmetry reveal about anger?

Anger is related to higher left hemisphere activity because angry people tend to withdraw from the source of their distress.

According to the passage, what is the relationship between hemispheric activity levels and the development of emotional disorders?

Higher left hemisphere activity is associated with non-depressed or non-anxious individuals, while higher right hemisphere activity is associated with depressed and anxious individuals.

What did recent research describe the relationship between cerebral asymmetry and emotions in terms of?

Approach and withdrawal tendencies.

How do infants with higher left hemisphere activity tend to interact with their mothers?

In a playful and relaxed way.

What has recent research suggested about the role of cerebral asymmetry in the development of emotional disorders?

Cerebral asymmetry may have a possible role in the development of emotional disorders.

What did initial explanations for differences in cerebral asymmetry and emotions focus on?

Thresholds for positive and negative moods.

How did recent research describe the relationship between cerebral asymmetry and emotions?

'Uninhibited' children identified by reinforcement sensitivity theory.

Study Notes

The widely held belief is that children inherit characteristics from their parents, including physical and personality traits.
In the past, many psychologists viewed newborns as blank slates, attributing adult personalities to experiences, particularly parenting during early years.
This view has changed and today, few psychologists deny that personality is influenced by inherited biological differences.
Research indicates that people differ in terms of brainwave activity, hormone levels, heart-rate responsiveness, and other physiological features.
These biological differences often translate into differences in behavior, particularly when examining individual differences in brainwave patterns.
Some psychologists argue that human personality is the product of many generations of evolutionary development.
Hans Eysenck, a respected psychologist, maintained that individual differences in personality are based on physiological differences.
Eysenck's theory identifies three basic personality dimensions: extraversion–introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
Eysenck's emphasis on biological determinants of personality, initially met with skepticism, is now more compatible with the growing recognition of biology's role in personality.
The development of personality is influenced by both inherited temperament and experiences as a child. (Ganiban, Saudino, Ulbricht, Neiderhiser, & Reiss, 2008)
A highly emotional child may become an aggressive adult, but parents encouraging problem-solving skills can turn a highly emotional child into a cooperative, nonaggressive adult.
A child low in sociability may develop excellent social skills, but is unlikely to become an outgoing, highly gregarious adult.
Temperament influences the environment and the way temperament develops into stable personality traits.
Children high in sociability are likely to seek out situations with other people, affecting their parent-child relationship and how others treat them.
Adult personalities are determined by both inherited temperament and the environment.
Two developmental psychologists (Kagan & Moss, 1962) found that approximately 10% of children are "inhibited," meaning passive and cautious when faced with new situations.
Approximately 25% of children are "uninhibited," meaning they jump right in to new situations and may talk soon after entering a new play area.
Inhibited children are not simply more afraid of everything, but rather vulnerable to anxiety to novelty, a specific form of anxiety.
Inhibited children are less likely to initiate interactions with teachers, receive less attention, and face challenges in getting help when needed (Rudasill & Rimm-Kaufman, 2009)
Misinterpretations of temperamental differences can lead teachers to make incorrect assumptions about students, affecting their interactions and academic success (Cooper & Good, 1983; Keogh, 1989)
Research suggests that temperament affects academic achievement even before children enter school (Gerstein, Putnam, & Kliewer, 2016)
The "goodness of fit" model emphasizes the importance of matching teaching styles and learning environments to individual students' temperaments for optimal learning (Thomas & Chess, 1977)
Classroom assignments may need to be adapted for students with short attention spans or slow-to-warm-up temperaments to ensure their success (Keogh, 2003)
Impulsive children may struggle in rigid preschool environments and benefit from teachers who adapt their styles to their temperaments (Coplan, Bowker, & Cooper, 2003; De Schipper, Tavecchio, Van IJzendoorn, & Van Zeijl, 2004; Rudasill, Rimm-Kaufman, Justice, & Pence, 2006)
A study found that a good match between Head Start teachers' styles and student temperament was associated with higher math and preliteracy scores (Churchill, 2003)
Matching teaching styles to students' temperaments not only increases academic success but also contributes to the child's feelings of self-worth (Chess & Thomas, 1991)
Children who do poorly in school may blame themselves, highlighting the importance of addressing individual temperamental differences in teaching.
People exhibit individual differences in cerebral asymmetry, with some having higher activity in the left hemisphere and others in the right hemisphere during resting state.
This asymmetry tends to be stable over time.
Differences in cerebral asymmetry are observable in infants and remain consistent throughout childhood.
Left and right hemisphere activity is associated with positive and negative moods; those with higher left hemisphere activity react more to positive mood films while those with higher right hemisphere activity react more to negative mood films.
Infants with higher left hemisphere activity are more likely to interact with their mothers in a playful and relaxed way, while those with higher right hemisphere activity tend to cry more when separated from them.
Initially, differences in cerebral asymmetry and emotions were explained in terms of thresholds for positive and negative moods.
However, recent research describes the relationship in terms of approach and withdrawal tendencies.
Higher left hemisphere activity is linked to approach tendencies and joy, while higher right hemisphere activity is associated with withdrawal tendencies and sadness.
Anger, a negative emotion, is related to higher left hemisphere activity because angry people tend to approach or attack the source of their distress.
Depressed and anxious individuals exhibit more right-side activation than non-depressed or non-anxious individuals, suggesting a possible role of hemispheric activity level in the development of emotional disorders.

Test your knowledge about a study that found participants' scores on measures of extraversion-introversion remained consistent over 45 years, and explore the possible implications of this finding. Consider factors such as biology, environment, and the difficulty of changing established personality traits.

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